1 00:00:04,550 --> 00:00:03,030 welcome to destination station the iss 2 00:00:05,990 --> 00:00:04,560 science forum i'll be your host today 3 00:00:07,430 --> 00:00:06,000 dan hewitt 4 00:00:09,669 --> 00:00:07,440 when the international space station 5 00:00:11,350 --> 00:00:09,679 launched back in 1998 it launched with a 6 00:00:13,030 --> 00:00:11,360 vision to one day become a 7 00:00:15,669 --> 00:00:13,040 one-of-its-kind orbiting laboratory in 8 00:00:17,510 --> 00:00:15,679 microgravity and it's not enough to just 9 00:00:19,349 --> 00:00:17,520 do science on this laboratory you know 10 00:00:20,950 --> 00:00:19,359 you need direction you need goals you 11 00:00:23,509 --> 00:00:20,960 need something to strive towards that's 12 00:00:25,910 --> 00:00:23,519 what we're here to talk about today 13 00:00:27,990 --> 00:00:25,920 back in 2011 the national academies of 14 00:00:30,390 --> 00:00:28,000 sciences released a decadal survey 15 00:00:32,150 --> 00:00:30,400 detailing a lot of research that it was 16 00:00:34,630 --> 00:00:32,160 suggested to take place on board the 17 00:00:37,110 --> 00:00:34,640 international space station this to 18 00:00:38,950 --> 00:00:37,120 focus nasa's efforts in space and also 19 00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:38,960 the efforts of different organizations 20 00:00:43,350 --> 00:00:41,040 taking place in the unique environment 21 00:00:45,110 --> 00:00:43,360 of the international space station so 22 00:00:47,430 --> 00:00:45,120 joining us here today i have a couple of 23 00:00:49,350 --> 00:00:47,440 panelists to help guide this discussion 24 00:00:51,270 --> 00:00:49,360 take some questions and tell us where we 25 00:00:53,430 --> 00:00:51,280 are now in the state of station science 26 00:00:54,869 --> 00:00:53,440 and where we're going in the future 27 00:00:57,189 --> 00:00:54,879 so for now i'll just introduce everybody 28 00:00:59,110 --> 00:00:57,199 real quick first immediately to my right 29 00:01:00,630 --> 00:00:59,120 i have betsy cantwell who is the 30 00:01:02,229 --> 00:01:00,640 director for mission development and the 31 00:01:04,070 --> 00:01:02,239 engineering directorate at livermore 32 00:01:06,230 --> 00:01:04,080 national laboratory and is also the 33 00:01:08,070 --> 00:01:06,240 co-chair of that decadal survey which 34 00:01:09,990 --> 00:01:08,080 was titled recapturing a future for 35 00:01:11,910 --> 00:01:10,000 space exploration 36 00:01:13,750 --> 00:01:11,920 just next to her we have julie robinson 37 00:01:16,230 --> 00:01:13,760 the chief program scientist here at nasa 38 00:01:17,830 --> 00:01:16,240 for the international space station 39 00:01:19,429 --> 00:01:17,840 then we have marshall porterfield who is 40 00:01:21,510 --> 00:01:19,439 the director of space life and physical 41 00:01:23,830 --> 00:01:21,520 sciences from nasa headquarters up in 42 00:01:25,830 --> 00:01:23,840 washington dc and finally the chief 43 00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:25,840 operating officer for cases duane 44 00:01:30,550 --> 00:01:27,840 ratliff cases against the center for 45 00:01:32,149 --> 00:01:30,560 advancement of science in space 46 00:01:33,910 --> 00:01:32,159 before we get into it with our panel 47 00:01:35,749 --> 00:01:33,920 here and the people in the room though 48 00:01:36,550 --> 00:01:35,759 we actually have a special guest joining 49 00:01:38,149 --> 00:01:36,560 us 50 00:01:40,390 --> 00:01:38,159 live from the international space 51 00:01:41,590 --> 00:01:40,400 station commander of expedition 40 steve 52 00:01:43,749 --> 00:01:41,600 swanson 53 00:01:45,109 --> 00:01:43,759 steve thanks so much for joining us it's 54 00:01:47,270 --> 00:01:45,119 great to talk to somebody actually 55 00:01:49,749 --> 00:01:47,280 taking care and doing this science 56 00:01:51,109 --> 00:01:49,759 actively on a day-to-day basis i really 57 00:01:54,950 --> 00:01:51,119 appreciate you being here with us today 58 00:01:58,550 --> 00:01:56,469 i have you loud and clear and i just 59 00:02:01,190 --> 00:01:58,560 like to say to everyone hello 60 00:02:02,870 --> 00:02:01,200 and also that i'm just proud and honored 61 00:02:04,149 --> 00:02:02,880 to be part of the team that perform 62 00:02:05,670 --> 00:02:04,159 science up here on the international 63 00:02:08,229 --> 00:02:05,680 space station 64 00:02:10,790 --> 00:02:08,239 over 600 scientists contributed to that 65 00:02:12,949 --> 00:02:10,800 decadal study and i have the lucky and 66 00:02:14,470 --> 00:02:12,959 much easier job of carrying out their 67 00:02:16,470 --> 00:02:14,480 work up here 68 00:02:18,229 --> 00:02:16,480 i heard do we have some questions i'm 69 00:02:20,229 --> 00:02:18,239 ready to go whenever you are 70 00:02:21,670 --> 00:02:20,239 yep we have steve for just a couple of 71 00:02:22,869 --> 00:02:21,680 minutes so we'll go ahead and start off 72 00:02:23,990 --> 00:02:22,879 we have a couple of students here in the 73 00:02:25,589 --> 00:02:24,000 audience that will be asking you a 74 00:02:27,110 --> 00:02:25,599 question we'll go ahead and get our 75 00:02:29,030 --> 00:02:27,120 first one now 76 00:02:31,110 --> 00:02:29,040 hello my name is sarah wagner and i'm 77 00:02:33,190 --> 00:02:31,120 from eighth grader at tucson academy and 78 00:02:35,670 --> 00:02:33,200 my question is since the iss is a 79 00:02:37,190 --> 00:02:35,680 national laboratory has the science 80 00:02:42,710 --> 00:02:37,200 duties increased or decreased for 81 00:02:46,710 --> 00:02:44,949 good question gail 82 00:02:48,550 --> 00:02:46,720 i believe it's increased i don't have 83 00:02:50,070 --> 00:02:48,560 the data to back that up but all i know 84 00:02:51,750 --> 00:02:50,080 for sure is that when we're up here we 85 00:02:54,710 --> 00:02:51,760 try to get as much science as we can 86 00:02:56,390 --> 00:02:54,720 done each and every day and one of the 87 00:02:58,390 --> 00:02:56,400 advantages of being a national lab is we 88 00:03:00,550 --> 00:02:58,400 get to help other agencies and then 89 00:03:02,229 --> 00:03:00,560 government and other companies perform 90 00:03:07,430 --> 00:03:02,239 science and do research and then that in 91 00:03:12,790 --> 00:03:10,070 all right next question 92 00:03:14,070 --> 00:03:12,800 i'm obviously not the student filling in 93 00:03:16,790 --> 00:03:14,080 for her i'm the teacher i'm kathy 94 00:03:19,990 --> 00:03:16,800 ducaney sarah's teacher 95 00:03:22,790 --> 00:03:20,000 and our question is we're growing pea 96 00:03:25,110 --> 00:03:22,800 plants uh pea shoots when our cases 97 00:03:26,949 --> 00:03:25,120 experiment goes up in october 98 00:03:29,910 --> 00:03:26,959 have you or any of the other astronauts 99 00:03:32,550 --> 00:03:29,920 been asked to taste any of the plants 100 00:03:34,710 --> 00:03:32,560 grown as part of a science experiment as 101 00:03:38,229 --> 00:03:34,720 some of your duties on the station thank 102 00:03:42,630 --> 00:03:40,390 good question as far as i know the 103 00:03:44,149 --> 00:03:42,640 answer to that is no we have not been 104 00:03:45,910 --> 00:03:44,159 asked right now we're doing an 105 00:03:47,670 --> 00:03:45,920 experiment called veggie and the idea 106 00:03:50,630 --> 00:03:47,680 that is just to prove that we can grow 107 00:03:52,869 --> 00:03:50,640 edible plants in space so we're going to 108 00:03:55,190 --> 00:03:52,879 harvest those take them down back down 109 00:03:56,869 --> 00:03:55,200 to earth and then study them and 110 00:04:01,110 --> 00:03:56,879 analyze them to make sure that they are 111 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:07,110 all right next question 112 00:04:11,429 --> 00:04:09,509 hello my name is jesse quintanilla 113 00:04:13,990 --> 00:04:11,439 i go to crystal right jesuit 114 00:04:15,670 --> 00:04:14,000 high school my question is we saw some 115 00:04:17,909 --> 00:04:15,680 really beautiful pictures of you turning 116 00:04:19,270 --> 00:04:17,919 on the veggie experiment could you tell 117 00:04:23,990 --> 00:04:19,280 us more about what the experiment is 118 00:04:26,629 --> 00:04:25,350 you betcha 119 00:04:27,670 --> 00:04:26,639 as i mentioned earlier the veggie 120 00:04:28,870 --> 00:04:27,680 experiment 121 00:04:30,950 --> 00:04:28,880 is about 122 00:04:33,110 --> 00:04:30,960 proving that we can grow edible plants 123 00:04:34,469 --> 00:04:33,120 in a microgravity environment and this 124 00:04:36,710 --> 00:04:34,479 is something that is necessary of course 125 00:04:38,150 --> 00:04:36,720 for if you want to go on even longer 126 00:04:40,870 --> 00:04:38,160 duration flights like to mars or 127 00:04:42,629 --> 00:04:40,880 somewhere else that similar to that 128 00:04:44,550 --> 00:04:42,639 and also veggie 129 00:04:46,230 --> 00:04:44,560 is a 130 00:04:48,550 --> 00:04:46,240 prototype of a 131 00:04:51,189 --> 00:04:48,560 newer model coming out in a couple years 132 00:04:52,950 --> 00:04:51,199 uh called the advanced plat plant 133 00:04:54,870 --> 00:04:52,960 habitat and that's going to even have 134 00:04:56,629 --> 00:04:54,880 more functionality more capability to 135 00:04:59,749 --> 00:04:56,639 grow plants looking forward to that one 136 00:05:04,310 --> 00:05:01,270 all right and steve i think we got one 137 00:05:08,790 --> 00:05:06,310 uh hello my name is uh juan carlos 138 00:05:10,790 --> 00:05:08,800 galendo and i go to crystal ray jesuit 139 00:05:12,469 --> 00:05:10,800 um the question i wanted to ask is uh 140 00:05:14,790 --> 00:05:12,479 what kind of fluid samples are returned 141 00:05:17,590 --> 00:05:14,800 to earth for research purposes and is 142 00:05:22,870 --> 00:05:17,600 there a sub sub zero freezer available 143 00:05:27,830 --> 00:05:25,110 yes there is a freezer we call it melfi 144 00:05:29,909 --> 00:05:27,840 which is a minus 80 uh 145 00:05:31,830 --> 00:05:29,919 lab freezer and so as you can imagine it 146 00:05:34,390 --> 00:05:31,840 goes down to minus 80 degrees which is 147 00:05:35,590 --> 00:05:34,400 uh keeps all the samples very cold and 148 00:05:36,550 --> 00:05:35,600 in a good 149 00:05:38,469 --> 00:05:36,560 state 150 00:05:41,350 --> 00:05:38,479 we put in there of course 151 00:05:43,749 --> 00:05:41,360 samples from the plants we also do 152 00:05:46,469 --> 00:05:43,759 liquid samples such as urine blood 153 00:05:48,390 --> 00:05:46,479 saliva and all that's to be brought down 154 00:05:51,110 --> 00:05:48,400 back on to earth to be studied by the 155 00:05:53,670 --> 00:05:51,120 scientists and that helps 156 00:05:55,670 --> 00:05:53,680 them determine how an organism either a 157 00:05:58,390 --> 00:05:55,680 plant or a human uh reacts to this 158 00:06:00,790 --> 00:05:59,590 okay well i think that's all the 159 00:06:03,110 --> 00:06:00,800 questions that we're going to have for 160 00:06:04,390 --> 00:06:03,120 you today swanee i really appreciate you 161 00:06:05,510 --> 00:06:04,400 checking in know you're busy i think 162 00:06:07,350 --> 00:06:05,520 you're actually getting ready to go to 163 00:06:09,510 --> 00:06:07,360 bed pretty soon so we'll let you get 164 00:06:11,270 --> 00:06:09,520 back to that in life on orbit again 165 00:06:12,629 --> 00:06:11,280 really appreciate you checking in it's 166 00:06:14,309 --> 00:06:12,639 great to talk to again somebody 167 00:06:15,909 --> 00:06:14,319 implementing the science 168 00:06:19,430 --> 00:06:15,919 in real time onboard the international 169 00:06:19,440 --> 00:06:22,710 my pleasure have a good day 170 00:06:26,710 --> 00:06:24,790 station this is houston acr thank you 171 00:06:28,469 --> 00:06:26,720 that concludes our portion of the event 172 00:06:30,550 --> 00:06:28,479 all right well with that we'll go ahead 173 00:06:31,990 --> 00:06:30,560 and jump in with some questions to the 174 00:06:34,070 --> 00:06:32,000 panel here 175 00:06:35,510 --> 00:06:34,080 i'll start off again with a couple of 176 00:06:37,189 --> 00:06:35,520 questions from me then we'll go to the 177 00:06:39,189 --> 00:06:37,199 audience give you guys a chance to ask 178 00:06:41,029 --> 00:06:39,199 them some questions we're also taking 179 00:06:43,110 --> 00:06:41,039 questions actively from social media so 180 00:06:45,990 --> 00:06:43,120 if you're following along make sure to 181 00:06:48,150 --> 00:06:46,000 use the hashtag asknasa and we'll get 182 00:06:49,350 --> 00:06:48,160 your question in real time well let's 183 00:06:51,909 --> 00:06:49,360 jump right in 184 00:06:54,230 --> 00:06:51,919 so betsy i want to start off with you 185 00:06:55,909 --> 00:06:54,240 again you were the co-chair of that team 186 00:06:57,270 --> 00:06:55,919 that wrote the decadal survey which is 187 00:06:59,110 --> 00:06:57,280 influencing a lot of the work we're 188 00:07:00,070 --> 00:06:59,120 doing now and in the very near-term 189 00:07:01,909 --> 00:07:00,080 future 190 00:07:04,629 --> 00:07:01,919 can you briefly tell us uh some of the 191 00:07:06,230 --> 00:07:04,639 key aspects to come out of that study uh 192 00:07:08,309 --> 00:07:06,240 that were the key recommendations on 193 00:07:10,790 --> 00:07:08,319 behalf of you guys so i'm gonna take 194 00:07:13,110 --> 00:07:10,800 that uh uh and and shrink it down a 195 00:07:16,230 --> 00:07:13,120 little bit it was a 400 page study 196 00:07:19,189 --> 00:07:16,240 involving hundreds of scientists looking 197 00:07:20,550 --> 00:07:19,199 broadly at what research needed to be 198 00:07:22,629 --> 00:07:20,560 done in the physical sciences and the 199 00:07:25,430 --> 00:07:22,639 life sciences to underpin the future of 200 00:07:26,950 --> 00:07:25,440 space exploration so i think what i will 201 00:07:29,110 --> 00:07:26,960 take the liberty to talk about is a 202 00:07:30,629 --> 00:07:29,120 couple of recommendations that we made 203 00:07:32,790 --> 00:07:30,639 for the use of the international space 204 00:07:35,830 --> 00:07:32,800 stations obviously a critical science 205 00:07:38,469 --> 00:07:35,840 facility to move that science agenda 206 00:07:40,230 --> 00:07:38,479 forward and those two are actually both 207 00:07:42,550 --> 00:07:40,240 in the life sciences arena we 208 00:07:45,189 --> 00:07:42,560 recommended that 209 00:07:47,029 --> 00:07:45,199 because animal studies underpin so much 210 00:07:49,990 --> 00:07:47,039 of our knowledge and understanding of 211 00:07:52,869 --> 00:07:50,000 human health terrestrially that animal 212 00:07:55,110 --> 00:07:52,879 studies be supported more strongly in 213 00:07:57,589 --> 00:07:55,120 the space station science program and 214 00:08:00,309 --> 00:07:57,599 for the same reason 215 00:08:02,869 --> 00:08:00,319 and also because microbial studies 216 00:08:04,790 --> 00:08:02,879 underpin how much we know about our 217 00:08:07,270 --> 00:08:04,800 terrestrial environment 218 00:08:10,790 --> 00:08:07,280 that microbial studies be beefed up in 219 00:08:13,749 --> 00:08:10,800 the form of of some long-term ability to 220 00:08:15,830 --> 00:08:13,759 study microbes in space on the iss 221 00:08:17,589 --> 00:08:15,840 so those were really the two key ones 222 00:08:18,469 --> 00:08:17,599 then that you wanted to touch on so 223 00:08:20,230 --> 00:08:18,479 julie 224 00:08:21,589 --> 00:08:20,240 now for you what are some of the 225 00:08:23,749 --> 00:08:21,599 experiments what are some of the steps 226 00:08:25,670 --> 00:08:23,759 that we're now taking right now and in 227 00:08:27,029 --> 00:08:25,680 the near term to meet these 228 00:08:28,469 --> 00:08:27,039 recommendations 229 00:08:30,309 --> 00:08:28,479 yeah so the one of the first things we 230 00:08:31,909 --> 00:08:30,319 did once we once nasa received the 231 00:08:33,430 --> 00:08:31,919 decadal surveys we went through all the 232 00:08:35,670 --> 00:08:33,440 recommendations and there were a large 233 00:08:37,829 --> 00:08:35,680 number we we followed their 234 00:08:39,909 --> 00:08:37,839 recommendations in some prioritization 235 00:08:41,990 --> 00:08:39,919 approaches and then we identified new 236 00:08:44,550 --> 00:08:42,000 facilities that we needed one of those 237 00:08:46,870 --> 00:08:44,560 was a facility for flying rodents for 238 00:08:48,870 --> 00:08:46,880 flying mice and eventually rats on the 239 00:08:50,630 --> 00:08:48,880 space station now we'd done that we had 240 00:08:53,030 --> 00:08:50,640 brought them to the space station before 241 00:08:54,790 --> 00:08:53,040 during assembly on shuttle flights but 242 00:08:56,870 --> 00:08:54,800 we needed to rebuild that hardware make 243 00:08:57,910 --> 00:08:56,880 some changes and especially make it able 244 00:08:59,670 --> 00:08:57,920 to allow 245 00:09:01,990 --> 00:08:59,680 the animals to be studied for a longer 246 00:09:04,310 --> 00:09:02,000 period of time not just a week or two as 247 00:09:06,310 --> 00:09:04,320 on past space shuttle missions 248 00:09:08,790 --> 00:09:06,320 you heard swanny talk about the plant 249 00:09:10,550 --> 00:09:08,800 habitats that are in development 250 00:09:11,910 --> 00:09:10,560 we did a number of 251 00:09:13,590 --> 00:09:11,920 surveys and discussions with the 252 00:09:15,590 --> 00:09:13,600 scientific community to look at the 253 00:09:17,030 --> 00:09:15,600 space station as a microbial observatory 254 00:09:19,030 --> 00:09:17,040 what are all the things we should do for 255 00:09:21,030 --> 00:09:19,040 that and then on the physical sciences 256 00:09:23,350 --> 00:09:21,040 side we really started looking at the 257 00:09:25,350 --> 00:09:23,360 whole suite of materials science work 258 00:09:26,870 --> 00:09:25,360 fluid physics and combustion and whether 259 00:09:29,190 --> 00:09:26,880 we needed certain kinds of upgrades on 260 00:09:31,190 --> 00:09:29,200 those facilities as well so all of that 261 00:09:33,030 --> 00:09:31,200 got put in place and what we're really 262 00:09:35,509 --> 00:09:33,040 seeing starting this year 263 00:09:37,430 --> 00:09:35,519 is that the those facilities are going 264 00:09:38,870 --> 00:09:37,440 to keep coming online one by one so 265 00:09:40,949 --> 00:09:38,880 veggie is sort of the first one out of 266 00:09:43,030 --> 00:09:40,959 the out of the gate but we have new cell 267 00:09:45,350 --> 00:09:43,040 culture hardware we'll have the rodent 268 00:09:46,949 --> 00:09:45,360 hardware flying in the fall and as each 269 00:09:49,110 --> 00:09:46,959 of those capabilities comes online 270 00:09:50,630 --> 00:09:49,120 they'll start being used every flight 271 00:09:51,990 --> 00:09:50,640 over and over on the space station for 272 00:09:53,110 --> 00:09:52,000 the next 10 years 273 00:09:54,389 --> 00:09:53,120 okay 274 00:09:56,150 --> 00:09:54,399 and then switching gears a little bit 275 00:09:57,670 --> 00:09:56,160 marshall over to you 276 00:09:59,430 --> 00:09:57,680 tell us a little bit about some of the 277 00:10:01,110 --> 00:09:59,440 life sciences research that we're doing 278 00:10:03,269 --> 00:10:01,120 on station and how that's going to fit 279 00:10:05,190 --> 00:10:03,279 into some of nasa's bigger goals such as 280 00:10:07,590 --> 00:10:05,200 you know going to mars and deep space 281 00:10:08,389 --> 00:10:07,600 locations 282 00:10:09,829 --> 00:10:08,399 well 283 00:10:11,590 --> 00:10:09,839 elizabeth talked about the decadal 284 00:10:13,750 --> 00:10:11,600 survey and within the decadal survey 285 00:10:15,990 --> 00:10:13,760 there are recommendations for research 286 00:10:18,790 --> 00:10:16,000 that is 287 00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:18,800 needed to further human exploration 288 00:10:22,790 --> 00:10:21,200 to do mars mission or research is 289 00:10:24,630 --> 00:10:22,800 enabled by space 290 00:10:26,150 --> 00:10:24,640 so those are the kind of two categories 291 00:10:27,910 --> 00:10:26,160 that we look at in terms of this the 292 00:10:29,030 --> 00:10:27,920 research that we're funding so if you 293 00:10:30,069 --> 00:10:29,040 look at 294 00:10:32,150 --> 00:10:30,079 the 295 00:10:33,910 --> 00:10:32,160 biomedical challenges that humans face 296 00:10:35,590 --> 00:10:33,920 in microgravity environment 297 00:10:38,069 --> 00:10:35,600 the space station right now is a perfect 298 00:10:40,230 --> 00:10:38,079 laboratory to do the long-duration types 299 00:10:43,030 --> 00:10:40,240 of studies and experiments so the 300 00:10:45,030 --> 00:10:43,040 ability to do rodent research for 301 00:10:46,389 --> 00:10:45,040 for more extended periods is really 302 00:10:49,350 --> 00:10:46,399 important 303 00:10:52,150 --> 00:10:49,360 we're also building hardware to support 304 00:10:53,990 --> 00:10:52,160 fruit fly research and fruit flies are 305 00:10:57,110 --> 00:10:54,000 an important biomedical model system 306 00:10:58,389 --> 00:10:57,120 because out of the 900 documented 307 00:11:01,910 --> 00:10:58,399 genes that are known to be associated 308 00:11:04,310 --> 00:11:01,920 with human disease about 700 of those 309 00:11:06,550 --> 00:11:04,320 are also documented in fruit flies so 310 00:11:07,990 --> 00:11:06,560 it's a really great model system you can 311 00:11:10,790 --> 00:11:08,000 grow them 312 00:11:13,030 --> 00:11:10,800 over multiple lifetimes and 313 00:11:14,630 --> 00:11:13,040 really get a lot of valuable data out of 314 00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:14,640 it and 315 00:11:17,990 --> 00:11:15,760 the other thing that we're doing in 316 00:11:20,310 --> 00:11:18,000 terms of the research that we're doing 317 00:11:22,150 --> 00:11:20,320 on stations we're trying to change the 318 00:11:23,590 --> 00:11:22,160 the model for how we do research too in 319 00:11:24,870 --> 00:11:23,600 order to get the most out of the space 320 00:11:26,949 --> 00:11:24,880 station 321 00:11:29,590 --> 00:11:26,959 the traditional model is to release an 322 00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:29,600 nra based on the decadal have 323 00:11:33,509 --> 00:11:31,600 investigators apply to that and you 324 00:11:35,670 --> 00:11:33,519 select a few of those and it takes 325 00:11:37,750 --> 00:11:35,680 literally years to or in the past it's 326 00:11:39,430 --> 00:11:37,760 taken years to fly one of those 327 00:11:41,750 --> 00:11:39,440 investigators experiments but now that 328 00:11:44,150 --> 00:11:41,760 we have on the life sciences side 329 00:11:46,310 --> 00:11:44,160 genomics and all the other 330 00:11:48,630 --> 00:11:46,320 advanced bioanalytical technologies we 331 00:11:49,750 --> 00:11:48,640 can measure so much from those samples 332 00:11:51,750 --> 00:11:49,760 what we're going to do is fly the 333 00:11:53,829 --> 00:11:51,760 experiment do all the measurements and 334 00:11:55,430 --> 00:11:53,839 then release the nra for 335 00:11:57,590 --> 00:11:55,440 potentially hundreds of investigators to 336 00:11:59,350 --> 00:11:57,600 be able to utilize space station 337 00:12:00,949 --> 00:11:59,360 science so we're really changing the 338 00:12:03,350 --> 00:12:00,959 model for how we do research is one of 339 00:12:05,269 --> 00:12:03,360 the key things we're doing okay 340 00:12:07,190 --> 00:12:05,279 and then now dwayne on to you your role 341 00:12:09,350 --> 00:12:07,200 is a little bit different from everybody 342 00:12:11,269 --> 00:12:09,360 that we've talked to so far betsy 343 00:12:13,269 --> 00:12:11,279 representing the group that 344 00:12:15,350 --> 00:12:13,279 came up with these recommendations 345 00:12:17,509 --> 00:12:15,360 julian marshall really how we make those 346 00:12:19,990 --> 00:12:17,519 recommendations happen with projects 347 00:12:22,069 --> 00:12:20,000 what exactly is kate yours and cases 348 00:12:23,670 --> 00:12:22,079 role in making this research happen 349 00:12:25,030 --> 00:12:23,680 onboard the international space station 350 00:12:27,350 --> 00:12:25,040 right well it's really interesting that 351 00:12:29,430 --> 00:12:27,360 the decadal survey was created and it 352 00:12:32,069 --> 00:12:29,440 had a targeted focus and how best can 353 00:12:34,629 --> 00:12:32,079 nasa utilize microgravity as an 354 00:12:36,629 --> 00:12:34,639 environmental platform for their mission 355 00:12:38,310 --> 00:12:36,639 focused elements with the the 356 00:12:40,230 --> 00:12:38,320 designation of the international space 357 00:12:41,670 --> 00:12:40,240 station as a national laboratory in 358 00:12:43,190 --> 00:12:41,680 essence what we've done is we've picked 359 00:12:45,509 --> 00:12:43,200 up on the opportunity to see how can 360 00:12:47,269 --> 00:12:45,519 that same environmental exposure uh 361 00:12:50,230 --> 00:12:47,279 microgravity the physics associated with 362 00:12:52,470 --> 00:12:50,240 that be used in supporting research 363 00:12:54,710 --> 00:12:52,480 initiatives that are important to to 364 00:12:56,150 --> 00:12:54,720 human health and other 365 00:12:58,870 --> 00:12:56,160 opportunities here on the ground so 366 00:13:01,030 --> 00:12:58,880 really our our difference if you will is 367 00:13:03,350 --> 00:13:01,040 that we're using the same environment 368 00:13:04,550 --> 00:13:03,360 to do the same type of research 369 00:13:06,310 --> 00:13:04,560 except the outcomes that we're looking 370 00:13:08,710 --> 00:13:06,320 for are targeted more towards how can we 371 00:13:09,590 --> 00:13:08,720 benefit mankind 372 00:13:11,269 --> 00:13:09,600 okay 373 00:13:12,949 --> 00:13:11,279 and then getting back to something you 374 00:13:14,629 --> 00:13:12,959 guys touched on a little bit earlier 375 00:13:16,389 --> 00:13:14,639 with the decadal talking about 376 00:13:17,910 --> 00:13:16,399 exploration and betsy i want to throw 377 00:13:19,670 --> 00:13:17,920 this to you first 378 00:13:21,990 --> 00:13:19,680 again the title of that decadal survey 379 00:13:23,829 --> 00:13:22,000 was recapturing a future for space 380 00:13:25,670 --> 00:13:23,839 exploration 381 00:13:27,750 --> 00:13:25,680 the stress that i want to put right now 382 00:13:30,230 --> 00:13:27,760 on that exploration word could you 383 00:13:32,069 --> 00:13:30,240 expand a little bit on the place that 384 00:13:34,550 --> 00:13:32,079 life and physical science research on 385 00:13:36,389 --> 00:13:34,560 the international space station has 386 00:13:38,629 --> 00:13:36,399 in future you know long duration 387 00:13:39,910 --> 00:13:38,639 exploration and how that research is 388 00:13:42,790 --> 00:13:39,920 supporting it 389 00:13:45,430 --> 00:13:42,800 sure so first let's just basically focus 390 00:13:46,710 --> 00:13:45,440 on what the few some of the key elements 391 00:13:48,870 --> 00:13:46,720 of the future 392 00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:48,880 of humans in space if we go beyond where 393 00:13:53,030 --> 00:13:51,040 we are now we're talking about longer 394 00:13:55,350 --> 00:13:53,040 distances away regardless of what the 395 00:13:57,189 --> 00:13:55,360 end point is longer periods of time for 396 00:13:58,790 --> 00:13:57,199 humans to be in 397 00:14:00,870 --> 00:13:58,800 the engineered environment that we 398 00:14:03,269 --> 00:14:00,880 create for them and periods of time 399 00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:03,279 potentially for humans on the surfaces 400 00:14:07,430 --> 00:14:05,040 of other bodies 401 00:14:08,870 --> 00:14:07,440 and so we focused on what are the 402 00:14:10,069 --> 00:14:08,880 critical 403 00:14:11,910 --> 00:14:10,079 uh 404 00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:11,920 fundamental studies in the physical 405 00:14:16,629 --> 00:14:14,320 sciences and in the life sciences and 406 00:14:20,069 --> 00:14:16,639 how could those fundamental studies be 407 00:14:21,829 --> 00:14:20,079 transitioned into mission design 408 00:14:24,629 --> 00:14:21,839 knowing that and what we were asked 409 00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:24,639 essentially because without those 410 00:14:27,509 --> 00:14:26,160 studies we probably won't be able to 411 00:14:30,230 --> 00:14:27,519 make i think everybody knows there are 412 00:14:32,470 --> 00:14:30,240 some pretty big grand challenges and in 413 00:14:34,790 --> 00:14:32,480 taking the next steps to get a lot 414 00:14:38,310 --> 00:14:34,800 further away with humans and we need the 415 00:14:39,829 --> 00:14:38,320 science portfolios to begin now in order 416 00:14:41,670 --> 00:14:39,839 to get there 417 00:14:43,590 --> 00:14:41,680 okay and now drawing things back in a 418 00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:43,600 little bit closer to home kind of like 419 00:14:46,150 --> 00:14:44,880 dwayne was saying where a lot of this 420 00:14:47,350 --> 00:14:46,160 research we like to say we're working 421 00:14:48,550 --> 00:14:47,360 off the earth for the earth that's 422 00:14:50,790 --> 00:14:48,560 something we've been throwing around a 423 00:14:52,069 --> 00:14:50,800 lot uh so julie 424 00:14:53,910 --> 00:14:52,079 what is some of the science that's 425 00:14:55,670 --> 00:14:53,920 having you know a real benefit down to 426 00:14:57,189 --> 00:14:55,680 life here on earth and how is that 427 00:14:58,389 --> 00:14:57,199 fitting into the direction that we're 428 00:14:59,910 --> 00:14:58,399 moving in 429 00:15:02,870 --> 00:14:59,920 one of the really exciting things that 430 00:15:05,189 --> 00:15:02,880 we see is the synergy between the basic 431 00:15:06,949 --> 00:15:05,199 research and the 432 00:15:08,069 --> 00:15:06,959 things that are applied for human health 433 00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:08,079 here on earth and things that are 434 00:15:11,509 --> 00:15:09,600 applied for astronaut health on an 435 00:15:14,550 --> 00:15:11,519 exploration mission a great example of 436 00:15:15,750 --> 00:15:14,560 that is osteoporosis research where 437 00:15:17,670 --> 00:15:15,760 you know we 438 00:15:19,189 --> 00:15:17,680 we as nasa need to make sure that 439 00:15:21,350 --> 00:15:19,199 astronauts arrive say on the surface of 440 00:15:23,350 --> 00:15:21,360 mars with healthy bones because wearing 441 00:15:24,629 --> 00:15:23,360 a multi hundred pound spacesuit and 442 00:15:26,629 --> 00:15:24,639 tripping on a rock could be life 443 00:15:28,150 --> 00:15:26,639 threatening if you have fragile bones so 444 00:15:30,150 --> 00:15:28,160 that's a huge mission risk we've got to 445 00:15:31,829 --> 00:15:30,160 address and we've been making incredible 446 00:15:34,550 --> 00:15:31,839 progress on that using research on the 447 00:15:36,870 --> 00:15:34,560 space station at the same time 448 00:15:39,110 --> 00:15:36,880 amgen in one of those earlier mouse 449 00:15:41,030 --> 00:15:39,120 flights i talked about used 450 00:15:42,230 --> 00:15:41,040 the space station to study the mechanism 451 00:15:43,910 --> 00:15:42,240 of a drug that they had under 452 00:15:45,430 --> 00:15:43,920 development we're able to test that on 453 00:15:46,949 --> 00:15:45,440 the space station help understand that 454 00:15:48,949 --> 00:15:46,959 mechanism and that drug is now on the 455 00:15:51,269 --> 00:15:48,959 market and that's helping people back 456 00:15:53,509 --> 00:15:51,279 here on earth so all of those things 457 00:15:55,829 --> 00:15:53,519 kind of combine together so as we're 458 00:15:57,350 --> 00:15:55,839 looking at our whole portfolio of human 459 00:15:59,590 --> 00:15:57,360 research especially with one year 460 00:16:01,910 --> 00:15:59,600 expeditions coming up the twin study 461 00:16:03,509 --> 00:16:01,920 between the kelly brothers and then all 462 00:16:05,509 --> 00:16:03,519 of the synergy between the new life 463 00:16:07,749 --> 00:16:05,519 sciences capabilities we're really 464 00:16:09,829 --> 00:16:07,759 seeing an opportunity for making 465 00:16:11,110 --> 00:16:09,839 biomedical advances over the next 10 466 00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:11,120 years 467 00:16:14,389 --> 00:16:12,000 okay 468 00:16:16,629 --> 00:16:14,399 and then marshall one more over to you 469 00:16:18,230 --> 00:16:16,639 and again touching on something that 470 00:16:19,990 --> 00:16:18,240 julie just said where we're able to use 471 00:16:21,430 --> 00:16:20,000 that microgravity environment to do 472 00:16:23,990 --> 00:16:21,440 something that wouldn't otherwise be 473 00:16:25,910 --> 00:16:24,000 done can you explain this a bit about 474 00:16:28,470 --> 00:16:25,920 how the space station being in that 475 00:16:30,389 --> 00:16:28,480 microgravity allows us to do research 476 00:16:31,749 --> 00:16:30,399 that we wouldn't otherwise be able to do 477 00:16:33,829 --> 00:16:31,759 here on earth can you give us a few 478 00:16:35,590 --> 00:16:33,839 examples 479 00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:35,600 so 480 00:16:39,749 --> 00:16:38,320 i think in the material science areas is 481 00:16:41,749 --> 00:16:39,759 really 482 00:16:43,350 --> 00:16:41,759 there's a lot of potential in terms of 483 00:16:45,269 --> 00:16:43,360 advancing 484 00:16:46,310 --> 00:16:45,279 that field based on the microgravity 485 00:16:47,910 --> 00:16:46,320 environment 486 00:16:49,670 --> 00:16:47,920 if you look at one of the experiments 487 00:16:52,389 --> 00:16:49,680 that was just recently conducted looking 488 00:16:54,949 --> 00:16:52,399 at complex fluids and colloids and how 489 00:16:56,790 --> 00:16:54,959 they behave in space if you look at the 490 00:16:58,470 --> 00:16:56,800 possibility of forming nanostructures 491 00:17:00,310 --> 00:16:58,480 nanomaterials 492 00:17:02,310 --> 00:17:00,320 in the microgravity environment that's 493 00:17:04,710 --> 00:17:02,320 another true possibility that may lead 494 00:17:05,909 --> 00:17:04,720 to discoveries for new 495 00:17:07,270 --> 00:17:05,919 new materials 496 00:17:09,029 --> 00:17:07,280 and the special thing about the 497 00:17:11,029 --> 00:17:09,039 microgravity environment 498 00:17:12,390 --> 00:17:11,039 in regards to that is it there's no 499 00:17:14,870 --> 00:17:12,400 sedimentation 500 00:17:17,270 --> 00:17:14,880 the influence of gravity is a race so 501 00:17:19,590 --> 00:17:17,280 structures that normally might be liable 502 00:17:21,270 --> 00:17:19,600 on the ground and influenced by shear 503 00:17:22,949 --> 00:17:21,280 and flow because of gravity on the 504 00:17:26,230 --> 00:17:22,959 ground 505 00:17:27,189 --> 00:17:26,240 don't have that limitation and that that 506 00:17:29,430 --> 00:17:27,199 also 507 00:17:32,230 --> 00:17:29,440 advances the fundamental life sciences 508 00:17:34,630 --> 00:17:32,240 looking at protein crystal growth which 509 00:17:36,630 --> 00:17:34,640 cases use looked at using that 510 00:17:38,789 --> 00:17:36,640 environment for the 511 00:17:41,510 --> 00:17:38,799 pharmaceutical industry 512 00:17:43,750 --> 00:17:41,520 we look at it more from the materials 513 00:17:45,669 --> 00:17:43,760 side but there's a lot of potential 514 00:17:47,190 --> 00:17:45,679 there we believe and that's why we're 515 00:17:49,029 --> 00:17:47,200 focusing on one of our open source 516 00:17:50,230 --> 00:17:49,039 science initiatives for the physical 517 00:17:51,830 --> 00:17:50,240 sciences site is actually called 518 00:17:52,870 --> 00:17:51,840 materials lab 519 00:17:55,350 --> 00:17:52,880 okay 520 00:17:56,630 --> 00:17:55,360 and then dwayne another one for you so 521 00:17:58,470 --> 00:17:56,640 within the past couple of years 522 00:18:01,029 --> 00:17:58,480 especially there's been a heavy emphasis 523 00:18:04,150 --> 00:18:01,039 on commercialization of space 524 00:18:05,669 --> 00:18:04,160 um and you know there could eventually 525 00:18:07,270 --> 00:18:05,679 be a space station built by a commercial 526 00:18:09,669 --> 00:18:07,280 enterprise for instance you know it's 527 00:18:11,110 --> 00:18:09,679 it's expanding wildly 528 00:18:14,070 --> 00:18:11,120 what do you see is the most what do you 529 00:18:15,830 --> 00:18:14,080 see as most promising for breakthroughs 530 00:18:17,190 --> 00:18:15,840 that might make this kind of reality 531 00:18:18,789 --> 00:18:17,200 possible this this increased 532 00:18:21,029 --> 00:18:18,799 commercialization especially through 533 00:18:22,310 --> 00:18:21,039 research right so and i think we're kind 534 00:18:25,430 --> 00:18:22,320 of hearing this in this conversation 535 00:18:27,990 --> 00:18:25,440 today and and quite frankly for us to be 536 00:18:29,750 --> 00:18:28,000 successful in demonstrating the value of 537 00:18:32,870 --> 00:18:29,760 a commercial entity wanting to to really 538 00:18:35,590 --> 00:18:32,880 kind of exploit and invest in 539 00:18:37,350 --> 00:18:35,600 use of microgravity or low earth 540 00:18:38,789 --> 00:18:37,360 environment laboratory we need to 541 00:18:41,669 --> 00:18:38,799 actually demonstrate that that value 542 00:18:43,430 --> 00:18:41,679 exists so clearly we do need to look at 543 00:18:45,110 --> 00:18:43,440 what's been done in the past 544 00:18:47,270 --> 00:18:45,120 and align that with the needs that we 545 00:18:48,710 --> 00:18:47,280 know of here on the ground and what 546 00:18:49,909 --> 00:18:48,720 really does bubble up to the surface if 547 00:18:51,110 --> 00:18:49,919 you will is that within the life 548 00:18:52,950 --> 00:18:51,120 sciences 549 00:18:54,630 --> 00:18:52,960 there clearly are a lot of 550 00:18:56,870 --> 00:18:54,640 health applications that can benefit 551 00:18:58,390 --> 00:18:56,880 from using microgravity in these 552 00:18:59,990 --> 00:18:58,400 research models 553 00:19:01,190 --> 00:19:00,000 in my opinion i think in the life 554 00:19:03,110 --> 00:19:01,200 sciences is where we probably will 555 00:19:05,029 --> 00:19:03,120 capitalize first 556 00:19:06,710 --> 00:19:05,039 but i agree with marshall that when we 557 00:19:08,470 --> 00:19:06,720 start to look at the physics and 558 00:19:09,909 --> 00:19:08,480 physical sciences and how they're 559 00:19:12,390 --> 00:19:09,919 impacted and affected not only by 560 00:19:14,230 --> 00:19:12,400 microgravity but perhaps also by the 561 00:19:15,590 --> 00:19:14,240 unique environment that it's in you know 562 00:19:17,669 --> 00:19:15,600 we have access to the outside of the 563 00:19:19,029 --> 00:19:17,679 international space station as well that 564 00:19:20,630 --> 00:19:19,039 we'll start to be able to understand 565 00:19:22,549 --> 00:19:20,640 that there may be 566 00:19:24,150 --> 00:19:22,559 value and and benefits from 567 00:19:25,590 --> 00:19:24,160 understanding how materials behave 568 00:19:27,190 --> 00:19:25,600 differently or may come together and 569 00:19:29,029 --> 00:19:27,200 form differently as a result of being 570 00:19:30,230 --> 00:19:29,039 exposed to that environment i think the 571 00:19:32,150 --> 00:19:30,240 key will be 572 00:19:33,750 --> 00:19:32,160 once we gain the knowledge how do we 573 00:19:35,669 --> 00:19:33,760 then translate that not only to 574 00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:35,679 application on the ground but answer 575 00:19:39,110 --> 00:19:36,880 some of the more difficult questions 576 00:19:41,510 --> 00:19:39,120 which are associated with do you then 577 00:19:43,190 --> 00:19:41,520 create a production capacity in space or 578 00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:43,200 do you bring it home and those are some 579 00:19:46,390 --> 00:19:45,280 of the challenges that that were at the 580 00:19:47,909 --> 00:19:46,400 point where we're asking the questions 581 00:19:49,669 --> 00:19:47,919 at the moment 582 00:19:51,350 --> 00:19:49,679 okay well i like to change things up a 583 00:19:53,909 --> 00:19:51,360 little bit so it's not just me talking 584 00:19:56,230 --> 00:19:53,919 if anybody in the audience would like to 585 00:19:57,750 --> 00:19:56,240 ask a question i mean certainly 586 00:19:59,510 --> 00:19:57,760 invite that now you just kind of raise 587 00:20:01,590 --> 00:19:59,520 your hand and we'll be able to give you 588 00:20:03,430 --> 00:20:01,600 a chance i think we can start right up 589 00:20:04,950 --> 00:20:03,440 here 590 00:20:09,350 --> 00:20:04,960 mark 591 00:20:11,909 --> 00:20:09,360 aviation week and i'm wondering if dr 592 00:20:14,470 --> 00:20:11,919 robinson could sort of explain you you 593 00:20:16,630 --> 00:20:14,480 said you want to introduce some rodents 594 00:20:18,549 --> 00:20:16,640 by the fall 595 00:20:20,310 --> 00:20:18,559 how many what kind 596 00:20:22,870 --> 00:20:20,320 where would you like this to go what can 597 00:20:24,789 --> 00:20:22,880 you accommodate reasonably and what 598 00:20:26,950 --> 00:20:24,799 sorts of investigations do you think 599 00:20:28,870 --> 00:20:26,960 might come from those that fit the 600 00:20:30,789 --> 00:20:28,880 themes that the 601 00:20:31,750 --> 00:20:30,799 national academy's decadal has played 602 00:20:34,070 --> 00:20:31,760 out 603 00:20:36,149 --> 00:20:34,080 sure yeah we are starting on the spacex 604 00:20:37,909 --> 00:20:36,159 4 flight will be the first test flight 605 00:20:41,510 --> 00:20:37,919 of the upgraded hardware 606 00:20:43,830 --> 00:20:41,520 and it will have 20 mice in the end our 607 00:20:44,789 --> 00:20:43,840 final capability will be 40 mice per 608 00:20:47,110 --> 00:20:44,799 flight 609 00:20:48,390 --> 00:20:47,120 and it will fly a combination of 610 00:20:50,070 --> 00:20:48,400 research that 611 00:20:52,549 --> 00:20:50,080 marshall porterfield's organization has 612 00:20:54,630 --> 00:20:52,559 selected by competitive peer review and 613 00:20:57,430 --> 00:20:54,640 research that the cases organization has 614 00:20:59,190 --> 00:20:57,440 selected for its economic value in 615 00:21:00,390 --> 00:20:59,200 industrial or pharmaceutical research 616 00:21:01,110 --> 00:21:00,400 and development 617 00:21:05,029 --> 00:21:01,120 so 618 00:21:06,789 --> 00:21:05,039 we're sure that we've got good animal 619 00:21:08,230 --> 00:21:06,799 husbandry good characteristics and how 620 00:21:09,830 --> 00:21:08,240 we're taking care of the animals but 621 00:21:12,070 --> 00:21:09,840 we'll also be combining experiments 622 00:21:13,590 --> 00:21:12,080 together so that we can get as much data 623 00:21:15,590 --> 00:21:13,600 as possible from the smallest number of 624 00:21:21,430 --> 00:21:15,600 animals 625 00:21:23,190 --> 00:21:21,440 and come back on space as opposed to 626 00:21:25,510 --> 00:21:23,200 stay on the station 627 00:21:27,830 --> 00:21:25,520 uh so there are two two options one is 628 00:21:29,110 --> 00:21:27,840 to launch um the animals on the spacex 629 00:21:30,789 --> 00:21:29,120 and bring them home in the spacex we're 630 00:21:32,470 --> 00:21:30,799 not going to be doing that quite yet 631 00:21:34,149 --> 00:21:32,480 because there's a fair amount of time as 632 00:21:35,669 --> 00:21:34,159 you know from splashdown until you can 633 00:21:36,470 --> 00:21:35,679 get back to the dock 634 00:21:43,110 --> 00:21:36,480 so 635 00:21:44,630 --> 00:21:43,120 euthanasia and dissecting on orbit 636 00:21:46,390 --> 00:21:44,640 okay and then i know we have quite a few 637 00:21:48,789 --> 00:21:46,400 members of the research community from 638 00:21:50,470 --> 00:21:48,799 local here in houston if you guys have 639 00:21:52,310 --> 00:21:50,480 any questions for them at this time i 640 00:22:00,390 --> 00:21:52,320 know they love to talk to you probably a 641 00:22:05,590 --> 00:22:03,190 medicine i'm excited to hear that all 642 00:22:08,310 --> 00:22:05,600 kinds of samples have been collected for 643 00:22:10,789 --> 00:22:08,320 genomics and their audio mixed studies 644 00:22:12,950 --> 00:22:10,799 my question was what type of 645 00:22:15,669 --> 00:22:12,960 infrastructure it's been set up for this 646 00:22:17,750 --> 00:22:15,679 kind of studies and also what have you 647 00:22:19,830 --> 00:22:17,760 found out 648 00:22:23,110 --> 00:22:19,840 so we are just 649 00:22:24,549 --> 00:22:23,120 at the final stages of 650 00:22:26,630 --> 00:22:24,559 releasing our strategic plan for what 651 00:22:28,390 --> 00:22:26,640 we're doing in this area so we haven't 652 00:22:30,470 --> 00:22:28,400 completely identified who 653 00:22:32,549 --> 00:22:30,480 we are going to be 654 00:22:33,909 --> 00:22:32,559 working with in terms of 655 00:22:35,510 --> 00:22:33,919 how we're actually going to process the 656 00:22:38,230 --> 00:22:35,520 samples 657 00:22:40,310 --> 00:22:38,240 we have we have a general landscape of 658 00:22:42,070 --> 00:22:40,320 what the sample processing requirements 659 00:22:43,510 --> 00:22:42,080 are going to be like 660 00:22:45,590 --> 00:22:43,520 stowage 661 00:22:48,470 --> 00:22:45,600 shelf life things like that but we 662 00:22:49,350 --> 00:22:48,480 haven't particularly identified if we're 663 00:22:57,430 --> 00:22:49,360 going to 664 00:23:00,149 --> 00:22:57,440 within nasa itself we want to partner 665 00:23:01,990 --> 00:23:00,159 with outside 666 00:23:04,149 --> 00:23:02,000 vendors we are in terms of the data 667 00:23:06,390 --> 00:23:04,159 storage we're talking right now with 668 00:23:07,990 --> 00:23:06,400 doe and their k-base capability that 669 00:23:10,310 --> 00:23:08,000 they just invested in i think it's a 60 670 00:23:13,029 --> 00:23:10,320 million dollar investment in their uh 671 00:23:15,669 --> 00:23:13,039 omix data storage capabilities and also 672 00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:15,679 nih so on the informatics side and the 673 00:23:19,270 --> 00:23:17,840 data side we're just looking at who 674 00:23:21,270 --> 00:23:19,280 we're going to partner with and of 675 00:23:22,549 --> 00:23:21,280 course too we're working with with cases 676 00:23:23,830 --> 00:23:22,559 and they brought 677 00:23:25,430 --> 00:23:23,840 other commercial 678 00:23:27,909 --> 00:23:25,440 entities the broad institute to the 679 00:23:30,390 --> 00:23:27,919 table and we have participation in terms 680 00:23:31,350 --> 00:23:30,400 of how we're organizing this 681 00:23:36,070 --> 00:23:31,360 from 682 00:23:36,789 --> 00:23:36,080 the traditional academic community so 683 00:23:40,870 --> 00:23:36,799 that 684 00:23:42,950 --> 00:23:40,880 gene lab project 685 00:23:45,350 --> 00:23:42,960 is a product that is going to fuel human 686 00:23:49,430 --> 00:23:45,360 exploration but also provide as much 687 00:23:53,590 --> 00:23:49,440 opportunity for translational and 688 00:23:55,590 --> 00:23:53,600 commercial participation also 689 00:23:56,630 --> 00:23:55,600 okay i think we might have had a couple 690 00:23:58,630 --> 00:23:56,640 more 691 00:24:01,029 --> 00:23:58,640 um i'm jessica scott from baylor college 692 00:24:03,350 --> 00:24:01,039 of medicine um and i'm interested in 693 00:24:04,470 --> 00:24:03,360 microgravity cell culture experiments so 694 00:24:06,950 --> 00:24:04,480 i'm wondering 695 00:24:08,870 --> 00:24:06,960 how does the hardware differ on doing 696 00:24:10,230 --> 00:24:08,880 cell culture in space and what are some 697 00:24:11,909 --> 00:24:10,240 of the challenges that you've faced in 698 00:24:14,070 --> 00:24:11,919 that area 699 00:24:16,310 --> 00:24:14,080 well i think the hardware 700 00:24:17,990 --> 00:24:16,320 differs to the degree that 701 00:24:19,909 --> 00:24:18,000 it's it's a different process if you 702 00:24:21,990 --> 00:24:19,919 will in order to conduct your experiment 703 00:24:23,190 --> 00:24:22,000 um the transportation other logistics 704 00:24:25,269 --> 00:24:23,200 associated with getting to that 705 00:24:26,470 --> 00:24:25,279 laboratory um obviously are quite 706 00:24:27,510 --> 00:24:26,480 different so 707 00:24:29,830 --> 00:24:27,520 you see 708 00:24:31,909 --> 00:24:29,840 differences in some of the hardware that 709 00:24:34,470 --> 00:24:31,919 is necessary to support the experiment 710 00:24:36,390 --> 00:24:34,480 to success such as incubation and power 711 00:24:37,750 --> 00:24:36,400 and things like that the general premise 712 00:24:39,990 --> 00:24:37,760 behind how you would conduct cell 713 00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:40,000 culture there is very similar 714 00:24:43,750 --> 00:24:41,760 we're working with several commercial 715 00:24:45,669 --> 00:24:43,760 companies that are helping us develop 716 00:24:47,590 --> 00:24:45,679 sort of the the cutting edge or latest 717 00:24:49,430 --> 00:24:47,600 gold standards if you will within cell 718 00:24:51,029 --> 00:24:49,440 culturing and that's a partnership with 719 00:24:52,710 --> 00:24:51,039 cases and nasa 720 00:24:55,029 --> 00:24:52,720 to develop that but at the end of the 721 00:24:57,190 --> 00:24:55,039 day our goal is to make sure that 722 00:25:00,070 --> 00:24:57,200 the science objective that the 723 00:25:02,390 --> 00:25:00,080 researcher has can be performed in space 724 00:25:09,830 --> 00:25:02,400 exactly as they would on the bench top 725 00:25:13,350 --> 00:25:11,669 you guys picked someone's dad carlos 726 00:25:16,070 --> 00:25:13,360 montecinos with astromed research 727 00:25:17,830 --> 00:25:16,080 institute we're a consortium of academia 728 00:25:19,430 --> 00:25:17,840 and private industry 729 00:25:20,710 --> 00:25:19,440 and not like if you wouldn't mind 730 00:25:22,870 --> 00:25:20,720 spending a minute or so talking about 731 00:25:24,630 --> 00:25:22,880 the differences between getting flight 732 00:25:27,510 --> 00:25:24,640 approval for protocols 733 00:25:29,430 --> 00:25:27,520 between the cases and cphs and other 734 00:25:31,669 --> 00:25:29,440 traditional nasa you know within asset 735 00:25:33,269 --> 00:25:31,679 mechanisms right well that's a great 736 00:25:34,710 --> 00:25:33,279 question and i think this is one of the 737 00:25:36,789 --> 00:25:34,720 the one of the most intriguing 738 00:25:38,950 --> 00:25:36,799 opportunities that we have as cases 739 00:25:40,789 --> 00:25:38,960 to support the national laboratory and 740 00:25:42,390 --> 00:25:40,799 again that designation 741 00:25:44,390 --> 00:25:42,400 in and of itself is what has opened up 742 00:25:45,830 --> 00:25:44,400 the opportunity for many researchers to 743 00:25:47,830 --> 00:25:45,840 even consider using the international 744 00:25:51,110 --> 00:25:47,840 space station as their research 745 00:25:52,789 --> 00:25:51,120 laboratory so at cases we have developed 746 00:25:54,230 --> 00:25:52,799 grant calls that are very similar to 747 00:25:56,710 --> 00:25:54,240 what you would see coming out of nasa or 748 00:25:58,310 --> 00:25:56,720 nih where there's a fairly rigid 749 00:25:59,830 --> 00:25:58,320 structure around what it is that we're 750 00:26:01,190 --> 00:25:59,840 looking to support from a research 751 00:26:03,669 --> 00:26:01,200 perspective 752 00:26:05,830 --> 00:26:03,679 we typically almost every quarter issue 753 00:26:07,990 --> 00:26:05,840 some call within the life sciences or 754 00:26:10,470 --> 00:26:08,000 physical or material sciences and remote 755 00:26:12,950 --> 00:26:10,480 sensing and enabling technologies 756 00:26:15,190 --> 00:26:12,960 but at the same time you know we have a 757 00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:15,200 significant challenge with respect to 758 00:26:18,950 --> 00:26:17,120 time and availability of the national 759 00:26:20,870 --> 00:26:18,960 laboratory to conduct all the necessary 760 00:26:22,789 --> 00:26:20,880 research that we think may have value 761 00:26:24,630 --> 00:26:22,799 and success so one of the things i think 762 00:26:26,549 --> 00:26:24,640 we do a little differently than what you 763 00:26:28,950 --> 00:26:26,559 see coming out of nasa or other large 764 00:26:31,830 --> 00:26:28,960 federal agencies is that we entertain 765 00:26:35,110 --> 00:26:31,840 the concept of ideas coming to us so if 766 00:26:37,190 --> 00:26:35,120 you will from an unsolicited manner we 767 00:26:38,950 --> 00:26:37,200 actually entertain a science or 768 00:26:40,310 --> 00:26:38,960 technology proposal 769 00:26:42,470 --> 00:26:40,320 and we'll actually work with an 770 00:26:44,310 --> 00:26:42,480 investigator to help them understand 771 00:26:45,029 --> 00:26:44,320 some of the necessary constraints if you 772 00:26:47,029 --> 00:26:45,039 will 773 00:26:49,909 --> 00:26:47,039 that are still in place in order to 774 00:26:52,549 --> 00:26:49,919 successfully conduct research on iss but 775 00:26:53,750 --> 00:26:52,559 make that a much less tedious process 776 00:26:55,029 --> 00:26:53,760 and one that doesn't necessarily 777 00:26:58,390 --> 00:26:55,039 constrain the objective at the end of 778 00:27:01,350 --> 00:26:58,400 the day so with cases we kind of 779 00:27:04,149 --> 00:27:01,360 consider ourselves as a customer service 780 00:27:07,029 --> 00:27:04,159 opportunity here where we can entertain 781 00:27:09,350 --> 00:27:07,039 grants we can entertain other 782 00:27:10,870 --> 00:27:09,360 research objectives and ideas but then 783 00:27:11,909 --> 00:27:10,880 hopefully foster that through the 784 00:27:13,590 --> 00:27:11,919 process 785 00:27:15,669 --> 00:27:13,600 our customer base is a little different 786 00:27:18,870 --> 00:27:15,679 we are actually trying to focus on 787 00:27:20,549 --> 00:27:18,880 commercial utilization so if you if you 788 00:27:22,310 --> 00:27:20,559 think about it we're actually trying to 789 00:27:24,310 --> 00:27:22,320 find customers who have quite frankly 790 00:27:26,070 --> 00:27:24,320 never thought about using iss as part of 791 00:27:28,630 --> 00:27:26,080 their research portfolio so there's a 792 00:27:30,549 --> 00:27:28,640 lot of early education that um and sort 793 00:27:36,710 --> 00:27:30,559 of help along the way that's necessary 794 00:27:42,230 --> 00:27:38,950 um angela carter from baylor college of 795 00:27:43,510 --> 00:27:42,240 medicine um i know you guys are 796 00:27:45,750 --> 00:27:43,520 the fact that you have rodents on that 797 00:27:47,190 --> 00:27:45,760 going on is really great so um with 798 00:27:48,630 --> 00:27:47,200 rodent models you can do multiple 799 00:27:50,389 --> 00:27:48,640 experiments and i was thinking not just 800 00:27:51,590 --> 00:27:50,399 the anatomical looking at you know 801 00:27:53,830 --> 00:27:51,600 expression of 802 00:27:55,110 --> 00:27:53,840 stress signals and hormones and such and 803 00:27:56,870 --> 00:27:55,120 osteoporosis but what about the 804 00:27:58,710 --> 00:27:56,880 neurocognitive 805 00:28:00,230 --> 00:27:58,720 aspects like doing behavioral and 806 00:28:01,590 --> 00:28:00,240 learning and memory assays especially 807 00:28:03,190 --> 00:28:01,600 for stuff 808 00:28:04,789 --> 00:28:03,200 for studies that 809 00:28:05,830 --> 00:28:04,799 could actually further the mission to 810 00:28:07,350 --> 00:28:05,840 mars i was wondering what you guys 811 00:28:09,269 --> 00:28:07,360 thought about that 812 00:28:11,430 --> 00:28:09,279 that's definitely an an important area 813 00:28:13,350 --> 00:28:11,440 in an area that nasa's focused on the 814 00:28:15,269 --> 00:28:13,360 risks even to astronauts in doing 815 00:28:18,630 --> 00:28:15,279 neurocognitive studies that's one of the 816 00:28:20,470 --> 00:28:18,640 reasons that we plan to eventually 817 00:28:21,510 --> 00:28:20,480 take advantage of the future capability 818 00:28:23,350 --> 00:28:21,520 of flying 819 00:28:25,190 --> 00:28:23,360 rats instead of mice 820 00:28:27,430 --> 00:28:25,200 normally you know you want to fly the 821 00:28:29,830 --> 00:28:27,440 smallest organism that you can to get 822 00:28:31,510 --> 00:28:29,840 the sample size but 823 00:28:33,750 --> 00:28:31,520 in a lot of different neurocognitive 824 00:28:36,149 --> 00:28:33,760 studies rats are a better model 825 00:28:38,389 --> 00:28:36,159 and so so we're expecting that that kind 826 00:28:40,230 --> 00:28:38,399 of research will either be selected by 827 00:28:43,430 --> 00:28:40,240 space life and physical sciences at nasa 828 00:28:47,190 --> 00:28:43,440 in the future or also be of interest to 829 00:28:51,510 --> 00:28:49,430 okay my name is blessed nation i'm from 830 00:28:53,350 --> 00:28:51,520 baylor college of medicine my question 831 00:28:55,190 --> 00:28:53,360 is when you do experiments on 832 00:28:56,950 --> 00:28:55,200 microgravity do you also especially the 833 00:28:58,789 --> 00:28:56,960 rodent experiment do you also have 834 00:29:01,750 --> 00:28:58,799 controls for cages where you can 835 00:29:02,710 --> 00:29:01,760 simulate 1g 836 00:29:04,630 --> 00:29:02,720 so 837 00:29:06,310 --> 00:29:04,640 that's it controls are a complicated 838 00:29:08,470 --> 00:29:06,320 question we do 839 00:29:09,909 --> 00:29:08,480 simultaneous ground controls or slightly 840 00:29:11,830 --> 00:29:09,919 delayed ground control so that we have 841 00:29:14,549 --> 00:29:11,840 the environmental 842 00:29:16,950 --> 00:29:14,559 situation matched and we also do those 843 00:29:19,350 --> 00:29:16,960 in the exact same kind of cage but when 844 00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:19,360 you if you start spinning something to 845 00:29:23,750 --> 00:29:21,600 produce artificial gravity you really 846 00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:23,760 start making if you don't do it right 847 00:29:27,510 --> 00:29:25,440 you create an amusement park ride which 848 00:29:29,669 --> 00:29:27,520 really isn't a control for anything 849 00:29:31,669 --> 00:29:29,679 so right now our japanese colleagues are 850 00:29:33,190 --> 00:29:31,679 working with us on a joint study of 851 00:29:35,350 --> 00:29:33,200 whether we might be able to add a 852 00:29:37,350 --> 00:29:35,360 centrifuge capability for some ground 853 00:29:39,909 --> 00:29:37,360 controls or for some for some spun 854 00:29:42,389 --> 00:29:39,919 controls on iss 855 00:29:44,950 --> 00:29:42,399 the struggle is to have that arm length 856 00:29:46,470 --> 00:29:44,960 big enough that it's a real control and 857 00:29:47,750 --> 00:29:46,480 and there's some debate as to whether or 858 00:29:49,590 --> 00:29:47,760 not there's such a thing as a real 859 00:29:51,190 --> 00:29:49,600 control when you're spinning because as 860 00:29:52,870 --> 00:29:51,200 you know 861 00:29:55,430 --> 00:29:52,880 the way that you feel when you're on an 862 00:29:56,870 --> 00:29:55,440 amusement park ride is not 1g it's 863 00:29:58,470 --> 00:29:56,880 different because those forces aren't 864 00:30:01,110 --> 00:29:58,480 evenly distributed across you the way 865 00:30:03,110 --> 00:30:01,120 they are here on earth 866 00:30:06,310 --> 00:30:03,120 does this cage also have capacity for 867 00:30:08,630 --> 00:30:06,320 reproduction so can you meet the animals 868 00:30:10,710 --> 00:30:08,640 can they deliver pups there 869 00:30:13,029 --> 00:30:10,720 so this is an important area that the 870 00:30:15,430 --> 00:30:13,039 decadal survey talked about and and 871 00:30:18,149 --> 00:30:15,440 recognized that that was fairly far down 872 00:30:19,750 --> 00:30:18,159 the road you know right now this we know 873 00:30:22,789 --> 00:30:19,760 and we've done i think 874 00:30:24,630 --> 00:30:22,799 over history there have been over 35 875 00:30:26,470 --> 00:30:24,640 cases of studies where mice have flown 876 00:30:28,230 --> 00:30:26,480 into space but they've never been more 877 00:30:30,710 --> 00:30:28,240 than about two weeks with a couple of 878 00:30:32,710 --> 00:30:30,720 small exceptions and so we need to be 879 00:30:34,789 --> 00:30:32,720 sure that we've got the animal husbandry 880 00:30:37,669 --> 00:30:34,799 right that we know how to sustain mice 881 00:30:39,430 --> 00:30:37,679 for 30 days or 60 days or even 90 days 882 00:30:41,029 --> 00:30:39,440 before you can start entering into 883 00:30:43,029 --> 00:30:41,039 looking at those those reproductive 884 00:30:44,630 --> 00:30:43,039 capabilities that it but that is 885 00:30:46,230 --> 00:30:44,640 something that the national academies in 886 00:30:47,909 --> 00:30:46,240 the in the scientific community has 887 00:30:48,870 --> 00:30:47,919 asked for and it's something that i 888 00:30:50,710 --> 00:30:48,880 think 889 00:30:51,909 --> 00:30:50,720 marshall may want to talk more about his 890 00:30:53,590 --> 00:30:51,919 strategic plan but it's definitely 891 00:30:55,909 --> 00:30:53,600 something in those out years towards the 892 00:30:57,750 --> 00:30:55,919 end of iss in the in the strategic plan 893 00:30:59,430 --> 00:30:57,760 as well development of biology is one of 894 00:31:01,350 --> 00:30:59,440 the key areas it was 895 00:31:03,190 --> 00:31:01,360 dealt with in by the decadal survey but 896 00:31:04,789 --> 00:31:03,200 we don't have to limit ourselves to 897 00:31:05,909 --> 00:31:04,799 rodent research in order to accomplish 898 00:31:08,630 --> 00:31:05,919 that 899 00:31:09,750 --> 00:31:08,640 fruit fly i mentioned before is an um an 900 00:31:11,750 --> 00:31:09,760 incredible 901 00:31:13,350 --> 00:31:11,760 research system that's really important 902 00:31:15,669 --> 00:31:13,360 to biomedical research and we are going 903 00:31:17,750 --> 00:31:15,679 to include centrifuge controls 904 00:31:19,190 --> 00:31:17,760 for fruit flies and also nematodes are 905 00:31:21,110 --> 00:31:19,200 great 906 00:31:23,190 --> 00:31:21,120 developmental biology systems and even 907 00:31:24,630 --> 00:31:23,200 plants we share a lot of genetic 908 00:31:27,830 --> 00:31:24,640 similarities with plants we can learn a 909 00:31:30,630 --> 00:31:27,840 lot of with plants in the european 910 00:31:34,389 --> 00:31:30,640 modular cultivation system that we 911 00:31:35,509 --> 00:31:34,399 partner with esa and having uspis do 912 00:31:38,389 --> 00:31:35,519 experiments on it actually has 913 00:31:39,990 --> 00:31:38,399 centrifuge for for plants also too so 914 00:31:41,350 --> 00:31:40,000 there are other systems that that 915 00:31:43,509 --> 00:31:41,360 provide that type of control but it 916 00:31:45,350 --> 00:31:43,519 really is important to get 917 00:31:47,190 --> 00:31:45,360 1g or partial g controls in the 918 00:31:49,350 --> 00:31:47,200 microgravity environment that greatly 919 00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:49,360 expands the value of the science that we 920 00:31:53,110 --> 00:31:51,440 get from it there is a really simple 921 00:31:54,950 --> 00:31:53,120 developmental biology experiment going 922 00:31:56,789 --> 00:31:54,960 on on iss right now which is using 923 00:31:59,509 --> 00:31:56,799 saccharomyces yeast that's brewer's 924 00:32:01,590 --> 00:31:59,519 yeast as a model organism and in the 925 00:32:03,669 --> 00:32:01,600 past some studies have been done that 926 00:32:05,909 --> 00:32:03,679 show that when the yeast divide they bud 927 00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:05,919 one one yeast cell turns into two and 928 00:32:10,149 --> 00:32:07,760 then and on earth they always bud in the 929 00:32:11,750 --> 00:32:10,159 same axis so there's a little scar where 930 00:32:13,590 --> 00:32:11,760 they separate and that's always in the 931 00:32:14,470 --> 00:32:13,600 same place but when they've been grown 932 00:32:16,310 --> 00:32:14,480 in space 933 00:32:18,389 --> 00:32:16,320 they have scars all over the place in 934 00:32:19,990 --> 00:32:18,399 every different orientation so that's 935 00:32:21,750 --> 00:32:20,000 one of these kind of preliminary results 936 00:32:23,269 --> 00:32:21,760 that really makes us as biologists 937 00:32:24,789 --> 00:32:23,279 scratch our heads and say wow you know 938 00:32:26,789 --> 00:32:24,799 what does that mean what does that mean 939 00:32:29,029 --> 00:32:26,799 for the way that the chromosomes are 940 00:32:30,789 --> 00:32:29,039 lining up at mitosis what does that mean 941 00:32:35,029 --> 00:32:30,799 for the development in the division of 942 00:32:39,830 --> 00:32:37,669 brian york baylor college of medicine 943 00:32:41,750 --> 00:32:39,840 as the demand for in vivo models for 944 00:32:44,070 --> 00:32:41,760 research whether it be the fruit fly or 945 00:32:45,590 --> 00:32:44,080 road models increase 946 00:32:48,070 --> 00:32:45,600 it's apparent that there's also going to 947 00:32:50,149 --> 00:32:48,080 be an increased demand for crew time to 948 00:32:51,830 --> 00:32:50,159 process these samples 949 00:32:54,549 --> 00:32:51,840 and the limitation now seems to be sort 950 00:32:57,110 --> 00:32:54,559 of 40 mice and the hands that can then 951 00:32:59,029 --> 00:32:57,120 dissect those store tissues 952 00:33:01,750 --> 00:32:59,039 and conduct the experiments so what are 953 00:33:05,110 --> 00:33:01,760 the plans long term for use of robotic 954 00:33:07,269 --> 00:33:05,120 dissection and robotic data collection 955 00:33:08,950 --> 00:33:07,279 on the international space station we 956 00:33:11,669 --> 00:33:08,960 actually have a phase a study right now 957 00:33:13,669 --> 00:33:11,679 looking at tele-robotic capabilities 958 00:33:16,230 --> 00:33:13,679 that that we 959 00:33:18,149 --> 00:33:16,240 have commissioned it's 960 00:33:21,029 --> 00:33:18,159 we've recognized for a long time that 961 00:33:22,710 --> 00:33:21,039 the issue of limitations and crew time 962 00:33:25,909 --> 00:33:22,720 there's lots there are many limitations 963 00:33:27,909 --> 00:33:25,919 in terms of usa iss utilization 964 00:33:29,190 --> 00:33:27,919 so it is a finite 965 00:33:31,110 --> 00:33:29,200 resource 966 00:33:33,590 --> 00:33:31,120 so we are looking at novel ways like 967 00:33:35,029 --> 00:33:33,600 that to offload some of the crew time 968 00:33:37,350 --> 00:33:35,039 requirements the other way that we're 969 00:33:39,830 --> 00:33:37,360 trying to 970 00:33:41,430 --> 00:33:39,840 increased iss utilization is through the 971 00:33:43,909 --> 00:33:41,440 open source science initiatives i talked 972 00:33:46,870 --> 00:33:43,919 about earlier gene lab and materials lab 973 00:33:49,269 --> 00:33:46,880 instead of flying an experiment for a 974 00:33:51,269 --> 00:33:49,279 single pi who has a limited number of 975 00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:51,279 hypotheses and a small number of things 976 00:33:55,110 --> 00:33:52,960 that they're actually going to measure 977 00:33:56,950 --> 00:33:55,120 use the the 978 00:33:58,950 --> 00:33:56,960 next generation biotechnology and 979 00:34:00,549 --> 00:33:58,960 bioanalytics that we have available now 980 00:34:02,870 --> 00:34:00,559 and measure everything and fly an 981 00:34:05,029 --> 00:34:02,880 experiment for a community populate an 982 00:34:07,269 --> 00:34:05,039 informatics database that's open to the 983 00:34:09,589 --> 00:34:07,279 scientific community to go into and we 984 00:34:11,669 --> 00:34:09,599 will fund researchers to do 985 00:34:13,270 --> 00:34:11,679 the ground-based derived experiments to 986 00:34:15,430 --> 00:34:13,280 understand the phenomena that they 987 00:34:18,790 --> 00:34:15,440 observe within those 988 00:34:20,230 --> 00:34:18,800 those um omics arrays basically we want 989 00:34:22,470 --> 00:34:20,240 to do 990 00:34:23,909 --> 00:34:22,480 integrated omics approaches in genelab 991 00:34:25,750 --> 00:34:23,919 so that's the other way that we're 992 00:34:27,190 --> 00:34:25,760 trying to work around those types of 993 00:34:29,270 --> 00:34:27,200 limitations 994 00:34:30,710 --> 00:34:29,280 the other thing we'll do is when we will 995 00:34:33,030 --> 00:34:30,720 eventually with spacex have a live 996 00:34:35,990 --> 00:34:33,040 return capability worked out and that 997 00:34:38,069 --> 00:34:36,000 will help for for systems that change 998 00:34:39,190 --> 00:34:38,079 slowly that will help us need less crew 999 00:34:41,109 --> 00:34:39,200 time and then we're also using 1000 00:34:42,710 --> 00:34:41,119 international collaboration with our 1001 00:34:45,109 --> 00:34:42,720 japanese our russian colleagues and 1002 00:34:46,710 --> 00:34:45,119 others to to um to help make that better 1003 00:34:50,310 --> 00:34:46,720 and then of course when we go to 1004 00:34:52,710 --> 00:34:50,320 commercial crew uh around 2017 that will 1005 00:34:53,990 --> 00:34:52,720 add another full crew member uh hands-on 1006 00:34:55,589 --> 00:34:54,000 to conduct research and that's going to 1007 00:34:56,869 --> 00:34:55,599 be very important for our scientific 1008 00:34:58,230 --> 00:34:56,879 community 1009 00:34:59,349 --> 00:34:58,240 i think that's a really good point 1010 00:35:01,990 --> 00:34:59,359 because 1011 00:35:04,069 --> 00:35:02,000 talking about the use of rodents as a as 1012 00:35:07,030 --> 00:35:04,079 an organism model for research um if 1013 00:35:08,950 --> 00:35:07,040 that proves to be quite valuable um and 1014 00:35:10,790 --> 00:35:08,960 and that you know added crew time or 1015 00:35:12,870 --> 00:35:10,800 human intervention is a necessity in 1016 00:35:14,950 --> 00:35:12,880 order to be successful this is really 1017 00:35:17,829 --> 00:35:14,960 informing us if you will on how we 1018 00:35:19,349 --> 00:35:17,839 create the the next generation 1019 00:35:21,670 --> 00:35:19,359 platform for research and development 1020 00:35:23,670 --> 00:35:21,680 and these are some pioneering efforts 1021 00:35:25,670 --> 00:35:23,680 that we're doing right now but i think 1022 00:35:27,670 --> 00:35:25,680 if we understand the need for more human 1023 00:35:29,589 --> 00:35:27,680 intervention and larger sample sizes and 1024 00:35:32,150 --> 00:35:29,599 rodents we're actually doing a great job 1025 00:35:34,310 --> 00:35:32,160 of trying to determine what the next iss 1026 00:35:35,589 --> 00:35:34,320 capabilities will be will be set up to 1027 00:35:38,069 --> 00:35:35,599 to do 1028 00:35:39,589 --> 00:35:38,079 if i can offer a follow-up um one of the 1029 00:35:41,109 --> 00:35:39,599 other things that we appreciate using 1030 00:35:43,829 --> 00:35:41,119 rodent models is while they're an 1031 00:35:45,190 --> 00:35:43,839 accelerated model for human disease 1032 00:35:47,430 --> 00:35:45,200 the time that's suggested for 1033 00:35:49,990 --> 00:35:47,440 experimentation on the space station is 1034 00:35:52,390 --> 00:35:50,000 still quite narrow in 60 days so what's 1035 00:35:53,190 --> 00:35:52,400 the plans moving forward to extend those 1036 00:35:54,950 --> 00:35:53,200 two 1037 00:35:57,430 --> 00:35:54,960 month long or if not year-long 1038 00:35:58,950 --> 00:35:57,440 experiments so that we can gather 1039 00:36:00,870 --> 00:35:58,960 sort of prudent information about 1040 00:36:03,829 --> 00:36:00,880 disease progression that then may have 1041 00:36:05,990 --> 00:36:03,839 applicability to human pathology i think 1042 00:36:07,349 --> 00:36:06,000 i can speak on behalf of of cases and 1043 00:36:09,430 --> 00:36:07,359 our customers who are actually 1044 00:36:11,589 --> 00:36:09,440 interested in in doing some of these 1045 00:36:13,109 --> 00:36:11,599 applied research studies 1046 00:36:14,550 --> 00:36:13,119 clearly duration is something that 1047 00:36:16,550 --> 00:36:14,560 they're they're very interested in as 1048 00:36:17,510 --> 00:36:16,560 julie pointed out earlier with these 1049 00:36:19,270 --> 00:36:17,520 earlier 1050 00:36:21,030 --> 00:36:19,280 experiments we're trying to demonstrate 1051 00:36:23,109 --> 00:36:21,040 number one the technical capability and 1052 00:36:24,310 --> 00:36:23,119 feasibility that this can be 1053 00:36:27,190 --> 00:36:24,320 a viable 1054 00:36:28,790 --> 00:36:27,200 model on iss but i i would say that it's 1055 00:36:31,270 --> 00:36:28,800 in our plans to actually increase the 1056 00:36:34,230 --> 00:36:31,280 duration as quickly as we can the system 1057 00:36:36,630 --> 00:36:34,240 that we've developed is flexible so 1058 00:36:38,150 --> 00:36:36,640 essentially you can fly extra cages and 1059 00:36:39,829 --> 00:36:38,160 you can just move the animals from one 1060 00:36:41,829 --> 00:36:39,839 cage to another and bag it to return it 1061 00:36:43,829 --> 00:36:41,839 and then clean it up and relaunch it so 1062 00:36:45,829 --> 00:36:43,839 it's a it's a kind of a recyclable 1063 00:36:47,670 --> 00:36:45,839 system for the hardware and so that 1064 00:36:49,510 --> 00:36:47,680 means there's no inherent limit in how 1065 00:36:51,030 --> 00:36:49,520 long a study could go it will eventually 1066 00:36:54,870 --> 00:36:51,040 just be determined by the scientific 1067 00:36:59,589 --> 00:36:57,190 i'm robert parham with clubspace.com and 1068 00:37:01,990 --> 00:36:59,599 space.com um 1069 00:37:03,510 --> 00:37:02,000 with with regards to crew time and also 1070 00:37:05,910 --> 00:37:03,520 with um 1071 00:37:08,150 --> 00:37:05,920 bringing on new hardware has there been 1072 00:37:09,109 --> 00:37:08,160 talk as well about the crew itself in 1073 00:37:12,069 --> 00:37:09,119 terms of 1074 00:37:13,510 --> 00:37:12,079 matching skill sets um if the in terms 1075 00:37:16,710 --> 00:37:13,520 of crew selection 1076 00:37:18,950 --> 00:37:16,720 about or what limitations exist um 1077 00:37:21,270 --> 00:37:18,960 having crew that may not be familiar 1078 00:37:23,510 --> 00:37:21,280 with the specific disciplines of science 1079 00:37:24,950 --> 00:37:23,520 that you're pursuing so what we do and 1080 00:37:27,510 --> 00:37:24,960 this has already been in place for a 1081 00:37:29,109 --> 00:37:27,520 while now is we have core life scientist 1082 00:37:31,270 --> 00:37:29,119 training for every crew member just like 1083 00:37:33,430 --> 00:37:31,280 we have core robotics training and just 1084 00:37:35,990 --> 00:37:33,440 like we have core eva training so you 1085 00:37:38,630 --> 00:37:36,000 know no no astronaut comes in knowing 1086 00:37:39,910 --> 00:37:38,640 how to do space walks and an astronaut 1087 00:37:41,430 --> 00:37:39,920 doesn't have to come in knowing how to 1088 00:37:43,829 --> 00:37:41,440 do life sciences research we can teach 1089 00:37:45,750 --> 00:37:43,839 them so we're working our way through 1090 00:37:47,670 --> 00:37:45,760 the entire pre-flight astronaut core 1091 00:37:49,670 --> 00:37:47,680 making sure they have 1092 00:37:51,190 --> 00:37:49,680 all of those key skills to be able to 1093 00:37:53,270 --> 00:37:51,200 carry out this research they get in the 1094 00:37:55,030 --> 00:37:53,280 lab they learn how things work and then 1095 00:37:56,630 --> 00:37:55,040 we're also of course we also have 1096 00:37:58,550 --> 00:37:56,640 experiment specific training for all of 1097 00:37:59,829 --> 00:37:58,560 the crews before they fly so they know 1098 00:38:01,910 --> 00:37:59,839 the experiments that they'll be doing 1099 00:38:04,630 --> 00:38:01,920 and know all the specific skills they 1100 00:38:07,270 --> 00:38:04,640 might need 1101 00:38:09,349 --> 00:38:07,280 jason sakamoto from houston methodist if 1102 00:38:12,710 --> 00:38:09,359 we go after a proposal let's say uh via 1103 00:38:14,790 --> 00:38:12,720 cases or nasa how much uh crew time or 1104 00:38:16,870 --> 00:38:14,800 astronaut time can we anticipate to 1105 00:38:19,670 --> 00:38:16,880 interact with our experiments or must 1106 00:38:22,790 --> 00:38:19,680 they all be self-contained 1107 00:38:24,710 --> 00:38:22,800 so i i'll answer this first and and 1108 00:38:26,470 --> 00:38:24,720 i can't stress enough that one of the 1109 00:38:28,950 --> 00:38:26,480 things that we're trying to do is not 1110 00:38:30,870 --> 00:38:28,960 constrain the scientific objective so 1111 00:38:32,870 --> 00:38:30,880 whatever the research interest is or the 1112 00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:32,880 investigation interests is we really 1113 00:38:37,190 --> 00:38:34,720 want to understand what do you believe 1114 00:38:39,030 --> 00:38:37,200 is necessary to be successful 1115 00:38:41,990 --> 00:38:39,040 we don't want to put a limit on on any 1116 00:38:43,430 --> 00:38:42,000 of the resources 1117 00:38:45,270 --> 00:38:43,440 at that moment 1118 00:38:47,670 --> 00:38:45,280 but i will say that once we understand 1119 00:38:49,910 --> 00:38:47,680 the science objective and we enter into 1120 00:38:51,829 --> 00:38:49,920 some of these educational conversations 1121 00:38:53,750 --> 00:38:51,839 we do work very closely with nasa to 1122 00:38:54,790 --> 00:38:53,760 understand okay are there limits that we 1123 00:38:56,150 --> 00:38:54,800 may face 1124 00:38:57,829 --> 00:38:56,160 how do we work around these so that we 1125 00:39:00,069 --> 00:38:57,839 can still ensure success of the science 1126 00:39:01,670 --> 00:39:00,079 objective but maybe create a different 1127 00:39:04,550 --> 00:39:01,680 pathway if you will from a to b to get 1128 00:39:06,230 --> 00:39:04,560 there so it's it's something that um i 1129 00:39:07,589 --> 00:39:06,240 can't stress enough that we don't want 1130 00:39:09,589 --> 00:39:07,599 to constrain the science we want to 1131 00:39:11,510 --> 00:39:09,599 actually understand it as fully and as 1132 00:39:13,030 --> 00:39:11,520 capably as we can at the front and then 1133 00:39:14,630 --> 00:39:13,040 work very closely with our subject 1134 00:39:16,310 --> 00:39:14,640 matter experts on how to 1135 00:39:18,870 --> 00:39:16,320 how to have that success at the end 1136 00:39:21,190 --> 00:39:18,880 similar to how we run our nasa research 1137 00:39:25,030 --> 00:39:21,200 announcements we don't really ask that a 1138 00:39:27,589 --> 00:39:25,040 pi define the crew time and 1139 00:39:29,990 --> 00:39:27,599 and those types of research integration 1140 00:39:33,349 --> 00:39:30,000 issues we try to encourage the best 1141 00:39:34,470 --> 00:39:33,359 science possible and the peer review is 1142 00:39:36,310 --> 00:39:34,480 done 1143 00:39:37,510 --> 00:39:36,320 by experts in the field 1144 00:39:38,230 --> 00:39:37,520 and 1145 00:39:42,069 --> 00:39:38,240 the 1146 00:39:43,910 --> 00:39:42,079 be followed up by a technical 1147 00:39:46,390 --> 00:39:43,920 feasibility study so you have to look at 1148 00:39:49,190 --> 00:39:46,400 it does the hardware exist to fly the 1149 00:39:50,310 --> 00:39:49,200 experiment yes no and are there 1150 00:39:52,550 --> 00:39:50,320 are there potential crew time 1151 00:39:54,870 --> 00:39:52,560 limitations that would have to be 1152 00:39:57,190 --> 00:39:54,880 negotiated and looked at so 1153 00:39:59,030 --> 00:39:57,200 but to give you a range um experiments 1154 00:40:01,109 --> 00:39:59,040 that we fly today say of the 200 that 1155 00:40:05,349 --> 00:40:01,119 are on orbit right now they probably 1156 00:40:08,630 --> 00:40:05,359 range in time from 15 minutes to 130 140 1157 00:40:10,470 --> 00:40:08,640 hours now 140 hour experiments usually 1158 00:40:12,230 --> 00:40:10,480 are either with human subjects or with 1159 00:40:14,550 --> 00:40:12,240 rodents and then we we combine 1160 00:40:16,390 --> 00:40:14,560 investigators together whenever we can 1161 00:40:18,069 --> 00:40:16,400 we find those synergies so usually if 1162 00:40:19,109 --> 00:40:18,079 something takes 140 hours it's actually 1163 00:40:21,349 --> 00:40:19,119 meeting the needs of multiple 1164 00:40:22,710 --> 00:40:21,359 investigators and 1165 00:40:25,589 --> 00:40:22,720 there are some experiments that have 1166 00:40:27,349 --> 00:40:25,599 been recycled reflown reflown reflown 1167 00:40:29,109 --> 00:40:27,359 over time they can accumulate a fair 1168 00:40:31,750 --> 00:40:29,119 amount of time if the science is really 1169 00:40:33,589 --> 00:40:31,760 good i'm actually really impressed 1170 00:40:36,870 --> 00:40:33,599 i've been working with life sciences 1171 00:40:38,790 --> 00:40:36,880 payloads for over 15 years and it really 1172 00:40:40,630 --> 00:40:38,800 is impressive how automation 1173 00:40:42,069 --> 00:40:40,640 telemedicine if you will to some degree 1174 00:40:44,309 --> 00:40:42,079 um a lot of different workarounds have 1175 00:40:46,309 --> 00:40:44,319 been created um that actually 1176 00:40:48,470 --> 00:40:46,319 help with the the bottlenecks that we 1177 00:40:49,829 --> 00:40:48,480 actually have um one one of those being 1178 00:40:51,510 --> 00:40:49,839 crew time but 1179 00:40:53,349 --> 00:40:51,520 it's really kind of neat to see a 1180 00:40:54,790 --> 00:40:53,359 payload come together when 1181 00:40:55,589 --> 00:40:54,800 the investigator the customer if you 1182 00:40:57,349 --> 00:40:55,599 will 1183 00:40:59,190 --> 00:40:57,359 clearly understands the science but may 1184 00:41:00,390 --> 00:40:59,200 not have thought about the process that 1185 00:41:04,950 --> 00:41:00,400 might be a little different for doing it 1186 00:41:09,750 --> 00:41:07,270 i'm very interested in the old mix array 1187 00:41:11,430 --> 00:41:09,760 you just mentioned so can you explain a 1188 00:41:12,870 --> 00:41:11,440 little more about that what type of 1189 00:41:14,870 --> 00:41:12,880 fairy uh 1190 00:41:17,589 --> 00:41:14,880 are you thinking about doing how you can 1191 00:41:19,589 --> 00:41:17,599 do that so if you look at the genome and 1192 00:41:21,589 --> 00:41:19,599 the ability to sequence the genome we 1193 00:41:24,069 --> 00:41:21,599 now have transcriptomics so where you 1194 00:41:26,390 --> 00:41:24,079 can look at which of those messages in 1195 00:41:27,910 --> 00:41:26,400 the genome are being translated into 1196 00:41:29,670 --> 00:41:27,920 into messages 1197 00:41:32,550 --> 00:41:29,680 and then for messages in the proteins 1198 00:41:35,510 --> 00:41:32,560 and proteins into all the bio molecules 1199 00:41:36,790 --> 00:41:35,520 so proteome metabolome usually those are 1200 00:41:39,510 --> 00:41:36,800 done separate 1201 00:41:41,190 --> 00:41:39,520 and nih 1202 00:41:43,109 --> 00:41:41,200 stores 1203 00:41:44,630 --> 00:41:43,119 the data from 1204 00:41:46,550 --> 00:41:44,640 that the work that they support for 1205 00:41:47,829 --> 00:41:46,560 those in separate databases so none of 1206 00:41:50,790 --> 00:41:47,839 those channels talk to each other you 1207 00:41:52,710 --> 00:41:50,800 really can't see the multi-dimensional 1208 00:41:55,030 --> 00:41:52,720 landscape of how gene the flow of 1209 00:41:57,190 --> 00:41:55,040 biological information comes from genes 1210 00:41:58,550 --> 00:41:57,200 into biological activity and that's what 1211 00:41:59,990 --> 00:41:58,560 we want to capture we want to measure 1212 00:42:02,069 --> 00:42:00,000 all those different omics channels 1213 00:42:04,069 --> 00:42:02,079 together so it's relevant within the 1214 00:42:07,510 --> 00:42:04,079 context of a particular measurement or 1215 00:42:09,750 --> 00:42:07,520 experiment that way a researcher can see 1216 00:42:10,870 --> 00:42:09,760 how biological activity relates to 1217 00:42:12,790 --> 00:42:10,880 turnip 1218 00:42:13,829 --> 00:42:12,800 whether protein is phosphorylated or not 1219 00:42:14,870 --> 00:42:13,839 or gene 1220 00:42:17,030 --> 00:42:14,880 particular 1221 00:42:19,030 --> 00:42:17,040 gene or two is are turned on or off so 1222 00:42:21,430 --> 00:42:19,040 it's really the ability to integrate 1223 00:42:23,430 --> 00:42:21,440 those different omics layers in in a 1224 00:42:25,270 --> 00:42:23,440 multi-dimensional landscape is our 1225 00:42:28,630 --> 00:42:25,280 challenge so we're actually that's why 1226 00:42:30,790 --> 00:42:28,640 we're working with doe and nih and and 1227 00:42:32,790 --> 00:42:30,800 also talking to nist about how we 1228 00:42:37,510 --> 00:42:32,800 partner at the multi-agency level 1229 00:42:41,589 --> 00:42:40,390 goal but also too just in developing the 1230 00:42:43,109 --> 00:42:41,599 information you think of the next 1231 00:42:44,870 --> 00:42:43,119 generation informatics tools it's going 1232 00:42:45,910 --> 00:42:44,880 to take to be able to do that i believe 1233 00:42:48,230 --> 00:42:45,920 that there's 1234 00:42:49,670 --> 00:42:48,240 commercial 1235 00:42:51,030 --> 00:42:49,680 there should be there's going to be ip 1236 00:42:52,950 --> 00:42:51,040 development and commercial activity 1237 00:42:55,750 --> 00:42:52,960 related with that and that's why we're 1238 00:42:57,829 --> 00:42:55,760 working closely with our cases 1239 00:42:59,270 --> 00:42:57,839 partners in order to 1240 00:43:02,710 --> 00:42:59,280 bring this forward 1241 00:43:06,150 --> 00:43:04,150 so that challenge 1242 00:43:07,829 --> 00:43:06,160 of creating that also impacts our 1243 00:43:09,109 --> 00:43:07,839 ability to do personalized medicine in 1244 00:43:11,510 --> 00:43:09,119 the future too 1245 00:43:12,950 --> 00:43:11,520 so there is the direct biomedical so 1246 00:43:15,030 --> 00:43:12,960 it's not something that 1247 00:43:17,109 --> 00:43:15,040 necessarily would wouldn't 1248 00:43:18,710 --> 00:43:17,119 uh couldn't be done on the ground it 1249 00:43:21,349 --> 00:43:18,720 doesn't need we don't need space to do 1250 00:43:23,990 --> 00:43:21,359 this but our ability our need to utilize 1251 00:43:25,990 --> 00:43:24,000 the iss is accelerating the innovation 1252 00:43:27,670 --> 00:43:26,000 in in this in this new area of 1253 00:43:29,589 --> 00:43:27,680 integrated omics 1254 00:43:32,390 --> 00:43:29,599 but once that data is all together it's 1255 00:43:34,550 --> 00:43:32,400 so powerful right because because any 1256 00:43:36,230 --> 00:43:34,560 gene that anybody on earth is studying 1257 00:43:38,630 --> 00:43:36,240 you go to the database and see what 1258 00:43:40,790 --> 00:43:38,640 space normal is and you may learn that 1259 00:43:42,390 --> 00:43:40,800 that gene is doing something that it in 1260 00:43:44,710 --> 00:43:42,400 space that it doesn't do on earth and 1261 00:43:46,390 --> 00:43:44,720 that opens up a discovery mode that 1262 00:43:49,430 --> 00:43:46,400 isn't available any other way that's why 1263 00:43:52,390 --> 00:43:50,950 what about ips cells i mean have you 1264 00:43:53,750 --> 00:43:52,400 guys thought about that i mean rodent 1265 00:43:56,309 --> 00:43:53,760 models are great but if you want to be 1266 00:43:58,230 --> 00:43:56,319 more translational ips cells will be 1267 00:43:59,670 --> 00:43:58,240 the perfect you know and they're 1268 00:44:02,150 --> 00:43:59,680 immortalized after you collect the 1269 00:44:05,109 --> 00:44:02,160 tissue so have you guys thought about 1270 00:44:06,950 --> 00:44:05,119 yeah in fact cases just closed an rfp 1271 00:44:09,190 --> 00:44:06,960 looking at those opportunities i think 1272 00:44:11,670 --> 00:44:09,200 we awarded six or eight 1273 00:44:14,870 --> 00:44:11,680 studies that will begin to address 1274 00:44:17,589 --> 00:44:14,880 use of ips cells stem cells and other 1275 00:44:22,230 --> 00:44:17,599 you know below the whole organism models 1276 00:44:28,470 --> 00:44:24,870 so what are the plans to develop 1277 00:44:30,309 --> 00:44:28,480 the capabilities to drive omic platforms 1278 00:44:32,550 --> 00:44:30,319 on station 1279 00:44:34,870 --> 00:44:32,560 in other words not relying on the return 1280 00:44:37,190 --> 00:44:34,880 of the sample but the ability to 1281 00:44:38,150 --> 00:44:37,200 actually assay those samples in real 1282 00:44:40,950 --> 00:44:38,160 time 1283 00:44:43,349 --> 00:44:40,960 and use that information to 1284 00:44:45,589 --> 00:44:43,359 make countermeasures or actionable items 1285 00:44:47,510 --> 00:44:45,599 on station so is that a long-term goal 1286 00:44:50,630 --> 00:44:47,520 and and where do you see that going we 1287 00:44:52,150 --> 00:44:50,640 have not moved in that direction because 1288 00:44:55,109 --> 00:44:52,160 we have a lifetime 1289 00:44:56,150 --> 00:44:55,119 of issue with regard to the iss so hard 1290 00:44:57,510 --> 00:44:56,160 really 1291 00:44:58,550 --> 00:44:57,520 complicated hardware development 1292 00:45:00,630 --> 00:44:58,560 projects 1293 00:45:03,430 --> 00:45:00,640 like that like what you're saying would 1294 00:45:05,190 --> 00:45:03,440 require may be pushed out 1295 00:45:07,270 --> 00:45:05,200 towards the the end of the lifetime of 1296 00:45:09,030 --> 00:45:07,280 iss so we only get it online for a very 1297 00:45:11,109 --> 00:45:09,040 short period of time that's also going 1298 00:45:13,349 --> 00:45:11,119 to create a potentially a bottleneck in 1299 00:45:15,990 --> 00:45:13,359 terms of crew time for processing the 1300 00:45:17,750 --> 00:45:16,000 samples and doing the analytics on orbit 1301 00:45:20,069 --> 00:45:17,760 plus you know how quickly these 1302 00:45:22,230 --> 00:45:20,079 technologies change they just are 1303 00:45:23,990 --> 00:45:22,240 changing so quickly that by the time you 1304 00:45:25,430 --> 00:45:24,000 got a piece of hardware flight certified 1305 00:45:27,510 --> 00:45:25,440 and got had the protocol and all the 1306 00:45:29,190 --> 00:45:27,520 kits that in it in order to be able to 1307 00:45:30,870 --> 00:45:29,200 use it it would be 1308 00:45:32,630 --> 00:45:30,880 two generations out of date compared to 1309 00:45:34,630 --> 00:45:32,640 what we could do on the ground so we're 1310 00:45:36,230 --> 00:45:34,640 not going to chase the technology in 1311 00:45:37,430 --> 00:45:36,240 space we're going to we're going to rely 1312 00:45:41,109 --> 00:45:37,440 on uh 1313 00:45:43,270 --> 00:45:41,119 sample stowage and and preparation and 1314 00:45:44,630 --> 00:45:43,280 rely on those kinds of capabilities on 1315 00:45:47,990 --> 00:45:44,640 orbit and then just bring the samples 1316 00:45:52,309 --> 00:45:50,309 what will the availability of the crew 1317 00:45:54,950 --> 00:45:52,319 themselves to be used as subjects in 1318 00:45:59,190 --> 00:45:54,960 neurocognitive experiments b 1319 00:46:02,150 --> 00:45:59,200 both on isi and iss and on earth 1320 00:46:04,630 --> 00:46:02,160 as a within subject control 1321 00:46:06,390 --> 00:46:04,640 so the way that our human research 1322 00:46:09,589 --> 00:46:06,400 program is set up that's nasa's research 1323 00:46:11,589 --> 00:46:09,599 program has we have a set of risks um 1324 00:46:13,589 --> 00:46:11,599 that are identified that are the risks 1325 00:46:15,990 --> 00:46:13,599 for future exploration beyond low earth 1326 00:46:18,309 --> 00:46:16,000 orbit and the entire program all of the 1327 00:46:20,710 --> 00:46:18,319 research opportunities are announced for 1328 00:46:23,109 --> 00:46:20,720 peer review to address those risks and 1329 00:46:25,430 --> 00:46:23,119 the the studies are selected according 1330 00:46:27,829 --> 00:46:25,440 to that risk model however there is the 1331 00:46:29,670 --> 00:46:27,839 opportunity for additional researchers 1332 00:46:31,990 --> 00:46:29,680 who see something not related to 1333 00:46:34,069 --> 00:46:32,000 exploration to go to cases and propose 1334 00:46:35,349 --> 00:46:34,079 to use the crew as subjects and then we 1335 00:46:37,510 --> 00:46:35,359 put those things together on a 1336 00:46:39,270 --> 00:46:37,520 non-interference basis so that both 1337 00:46:40,950 --> 00:46:39,280 kinds of research can be done 1338 00:46:42,630 --> 00:46:40,960 and in fact we've 1339 00:46:43,750 --> 00:46:42,640 just exercised that opportunity uh 1340 00:46:45,270 --> 00:46:43,760 recently 1341 00:46:48,550 --> 00:46:45,280 not necessarily neurocognitive but 1342 00:46:50,470 --> 00:46:48,560 looking at intracranial pressure 1343 00:46:51,510 --> 00:46:50,480 an excellent sort of 1344 00:46:54,309 --> 00:46:51,520 subject 1345 00:46:56,150 --> 00:46:54,319 pool if you will because of the the 1346 00:46:58,309 --> 00:46:56,160 microgravity and in the population that 1347 00:46:59,990 --> 00:46:58,319 the astronaut crew represents um but 1348 00:47:01,349 --> 00:47:00,000 directly focused on understanding this 1349 00:47:04,790 --> 00:47:01,359 for some 1350 00:47:09,030 --> 00:47:04,800 earth impacted value so um we we do that 1351 00:47:13,030 --> 00:47:10,950 any more here in the room we could take 1352 00:47:15,190 --> 00:47:13,040 a couple of social media questions real 1353 00:47:16,790 --> 00:47:15,200 quick i think we have a couple of social 1354 00:47:19,829 --> 00:47:16,800 media questions 1355 00:47:22,390 --> 00:47:19,839 so um on the topic of animals 1356 00:47:25,589 --> 00:47:22,400 we have uh someone asking about 1357 00:47:27,829 --> 00:47:25,599 what would be some of the obstacles 1358 00:47:30,390 --> 00:47:27,839 in sending animals to the space station 1359 00:47:33,990 --> 00:47:30,400 and doing long-term research and how can 1360 00:47:39,510 --> 00:47:35,990 so really the biggest obstacle is the 1361 00:47:41,349 --> 00:47:39,520 practical one of launches scrub 1362 00:47:43,430 --> 00:47:41,359 turnarounds 1363 00:47:45,190 --> 00:47:43,440 getting animals of the right age to 1364 00:47:47,109 --> 00:47:45,200 orbit on the right vehicle 1365 00:47:48,630 --> 00:47:47,119 and then we think we know pretty well 1366 00:47:49,990 --> 00:47:48,640 how to operate the hardware once they're 1367 00:47:51,990 --> 00:47:50,000 there 1368 00:47:54,630 --> 00:47:52,000 but it's just you know just like with 1369 00:47:57,270 --> 00:47:54,640 launching human crews uh you know they 1370 00:47:58,630 --> 00:47:57,280 get on they get on the spacecraft then 1371 00:48:00,549 --> 00:47:58,640 there's something wrong they get back 1372 00:48:02,069 --> 00:48:00,559 off the spacecraft so that's that's a 1373 00:48:05,030 --> 00:48:02,079 little tricky for our investigators to 1374 00:48:06,710 --> 00:48:05,040 get used to um but uh 1375 00:48:08,470 --> 00:48:06,720 but at least for these rodent models 1376 00:48:10,069 --> 00:48:08,480 it's something that is pretty well 1377 00:48:11,510 --> 00:48:10,079 understood from previous space flight 1378 00:48:13,589 --> 00:48:11,520 experience and what we're really doing 1379 00:48:16,470 --> 00:48:13,599 is pushing the time threshold rather 1380 00:48:19,030 --> 00:48:16,480 than doing something too new 1381 00:48:21,430 --> 00:48:19,040 we have another one here asking about 3d 1382 00:48:23,430 --> 00:48:21,440 printing wants to know 1383 00:48:26,309 --> 00:48:23,440 what do we hope to get out of 3d 1384 00:48:28,710 --> 00:48:26,319 printing experiments on space station 1385 00:48:30,069 --> 00:48:28,720 so i'll take that one since i'm sitting 1386 00:48:31,670 --> 00:48:30,079 on the national academies committee 1387 00:48:33,990 --> 00:48:31,680 that's looking at 3d printing in space 1388 00:48:36,150 --> 00:48:34,000 and i can't talk about that report 1389 00:48:38,309 --> 00:48:36,160 because it's not out yet but if you 1390 00:48:41,589 --> 00:48:38,319 think about the materials studies that 1391 00:48:42,470 --> 00:48:41,599 these gentlemen were talking about and 1392 00:48:44,710 --> 00:48:42,480 and 1393 00:48:46,309 --> 00:48:44,720 look at additive manufacturing or 3d 1394 00:48:48,630 --> 00:48:46,319 printing the state of the art and the 1395 00:48:51,349 --> 00:48:48,640 science side of that is the creation of 1396 00:48:53,349 --> 00:48:51,359 whole new types of materials by being 1397 00:48:55,349 --> 00:48:53,359 able to actually print things that have 1398 00:48:57,510 --> 00:48:55,359 never existed in nature before so if you 1399 00:49:00,470 --> 00:48:57,520 think about what the possibilities are 1400 00:49:03,430 --> 00:49:00,480 for doing that for 1401 00:49:05,270 --> 00:49:03,440 either in space or for space 1402 00:49:07,589 --> 00:49:05,280 it's really as exciting as the field of 1403 00:49:09,589 --> 00:49:07,599 3d printing itself however as early 1404 00:49:10,630 --> 00:49:09,599 stage as the field of 3d printing itself 1405 00:49:13,190 --> 00:49:10,640 is 1406 00:49:15,349 --> 00:49:13,200 lots of opportunity and i think the fact 1407 00:49:17,910 --> 00:49:15,359 that they'll be launching i believe 1408 00:49:19,589 --> 00:49:17,920 there'll be two 3d printers an italian 1409 00:49:22,309 --> 00:49:19,599 and an american 1410 00:49:23,589 --> 00:49:22,319 3d printer in the next year or so on the 1411 00:49:25,349 --> 00:49:23,599 station 1412 00:49:26,630 --> 00:49:25,359 demonstrating what we can and can't do 1413 00:49:28,150 --> 00:49:26,640 and giving us 1414 00:49:31,270 --> 00:49:28,160 printed 1415 00:49:33,270 --> 00:49:31,280 objects that we can study um is huge 1416 00:49:35,030 --> 00:49:33,280 it'll begin to 1417 00:49:37,109 --> 00:49:35,040 narrow that space of possibility to 1418 00:49:38,950 --> 00:49:37,119 something that really is useful you guys 1419 00:49:40,470 --> 00:49:38,960 must have thought about this well it's 1420 00:49:42,309 --> 00:49:40,480 it's so the concept of additive 1421 00:49:43,670 --> 00:49:42,319 manufacturing i mean if there's a common 1422 00:49:45,270 --> 00:49:43,680 theme that you hear 1423 00:49:47,190 --> 00:49:45,280 in this conversation today it's all 1424 00:49:49,910 --> 00:49:47,200 about logistics right 1425 00:49:51,829 --> 00:49:49,920 so the ability to actually create 1426 00:49:54,309 --> 00:49:51,839 your consumables or the resources that 1427 00:49:55,589 --> 00:49:54,319 you need for research or everyday living 1428 00:49:58,069 --> 00:49:55,599 for that matter 1429 00:50:00,549 --> 00:49:58,079 on iss is really sort of a compelling 1430 00:50:02,150 --> 00:50:00,559 idea so we look at 1431 00:50:05,109 --> 00:50:02,160 not necessarily the science aspect of it 1432 00:50:07,510 --> 00:50:05,119 but the applicability of 3d printing for 1433 00:50:09,109 --> 00:50:07,520 us in order to be sort of a logistics 1434 00:50:11,270 --> 00:50:09,119 problem solver 1435 00:50:13,910 --> 00:50:11,280 the exploration technology piece of it 1436 00:50:15,670 --> 00:50:13,920 is also important so right now today on 1437 00:50:17,270 --> 00:50:15,680 the space station we have almost all the 1438 00:50:18,630 --> 00:50:17,280 spare parts we think we could ever 1439 00:50:20,870 --> 00:50:18,640 urgently need 1440 00:50:23,190 --> 00:50:20,880 and if you're looking at a mars mission 1441 00:50:25,030 --> 00:50:23,200 scenario you can't take all of that mass 1442 00:50:27,190 --> 00:50:25,040 with you so the idea that you could take 1443 00:50:28,870 --> 00:50:27,200 precursor materials and then only make 1444 00:50:30,390 --> 00:50:28,880 the parts that you need it really 1445 00:50:31,670 --> 00:50:30,400 improves that mass equation and it 1446 00:50:33,589 --> 00:50:31,680 improves safety 1447 00:50:35,349 --> 00:50:33,599 and i have to add that i believe there's 1448 00:50:38,069 --> 00:50:35,359 a nasa-funded study at the moment 1449 00:50:40,790 --> 00:50:38,079 looking at how to recycle 1450 00:50:43,670 --> 00:50:40,800 objects that are already on the station 1451 00:50:45,510 --> 00:50:43,680 to be reused in 3d printing it's 1452 00:50:47,589 --> 00:50:45,520 simpler than it will probably end up 1453 00:50:51,270 --> 00:50:47,599 being but is a really interesting 1454 00:50:52,790 --> 00:50:51,280 approach to saving mass and volume 1455 00:50:55,270 --> 00:50:52,800 thank you for that we do have another 1456 00:50:57,750 --> 00:50:55,280 one here um this one is actually on the 1457 00:51:00,309 --> 00:50:57,760 uh new veggie experiment that went up on 1458 00:51:03,190 --> 00:51:00,319 spacex dragon and they're just wanting 1459 00:51:06,069 --> 00:51:03,200 to know if veggie is successful how does 1460 00:51:08,470 --> 00:51:06,079 this change um space travel 1461 00:51:09,349 --> 00:51:08,480 and what other obstacles do we face with 1462 00:51:11,430 --> 00:51:09,359 that 1463 00:51:14,069 --> 00:51:11,440 so nasa in the past has done a lot of 1464 00:51:16,470 --> 00:51:14,079 research on plant growth in space 1465 00:51:18,069 --> 00:51:16,480 based on the idea that for long duration 1466 00:51:19,270 --> 00:51:18,079 missions you would need to 1467 00:51:20,950 --> 00:51:19,280 be able to 1468 00:51:22,790 --> 00:51:20,960 create some of the materials you need to 1469 00:51:28,870 --> 00:51:22,800 support yourself along the way 1470 00:51:32,150 --> 00:51:29,990 is 1471 00:51:34,069 --> 00:51:32,160 problematic because of the radiation in 1472 00:51:36,790 --> 00:51:34,079 the spaceflight environment so the idea 1473 00:51:39,910 --> 00:51:37,910 what the veggie experiment will 1474 00:51:40,710 --> 00:51:39,920 demonstrate hopefully is that 1475 00:51:47,109 --> 00:51:40,720 the 1476 00:51:49,109 --> 00:51:47,119 spaceflight environment so this is 1477 00:51:51,829 --> 00:51:49,119 getting back to the idea of iss is a 1478 00:51:55,829 --> 00:51:51,839 microbial observatory it's really unique 1479 00:51:59,910 --> 00:51:57,990 bacteria that come into the environment 1480 00:52:01,990 --> 00:51:59,920 the ones that come on us or potentially 1481 00:52:03,430 --> 00:52:02,000 on the other materials we bring up so we 1482 00:52:05,750 --> 00:52:03,440 want to demonstrate that we can grow 1483 00:52:08,069 --> 00:52:05,760 salad vegetables in space 1484 00:52:09,670 --> 00:52:08,079 on at least a small scale show that 1485 00:52:12,150 --> 00:52:09,680 they're not 1486 00:52:14,790 --> 00:52:12,160 harboring any pathogenic bacteria so in 1487 00:52:17,430 --> 00:52:14,800 the future this is a supplement for 1488 00:52:19,910 --> 00:52:17,440 nutrition provide a source of fresh 1489 00:52:21,750 --> 00:52:19,920 vitamins and fresh nutrients 1490 00:52:24,230 --> 00:52:21,760 and it's also been shown in the past 1491 00:52:26,630 --> 00:52:24,240 that it provides psychological comfort 1492 00:52:29,190 --> 00:52:26,640 so you can't forget the fact that you're 1493 00:52:29,990 --> 00:52:29,200 you're gonna put people in a can for a 1494 00:52:30,829 --> 00:52:30,000 year 1495 00:52:33,829 --> 00:52:30,839 and 1496 00:52:36,470 --> 00:52:33,839 um i think pieces of the earth that we 1497 00:52:38,470 --> 00:52:36,480 can look at and touch and feel uh have 1498 00:52:43,270 --> 00:52:38,480 provide a lot of psychological comfort 1499 00:52:45,430 --> 00:52:43,280 for the um for astronauts and cosmonauts 1500 00:52:47,030 --> 00:52:45,440 okay well we're getting a little short 1501 00:52:48,870 --> 00:52:47,040 on time so there's one more question i 1502 00:52:50,150 --> 00:52:48,880 wanted to ask each of you just to pose 1503 00:52:52,230 --> 00:52:50,160 it real quick 1504 00:52:54,069 --> 00:52:52,240 and so as we you know we're moving 1505 00:52:56,390 --> 00:52:54,079 forward we have this guidance we have 1506 00:52:58,230 --> 00:52:56,400 all this research we're now looking for 1507 00:53:00,309 --> 00:52:58,240 that's not only going to help us here on 1508 00:53:02,150 --> 00:53:00,319 earth but help us get to mars and you 1509 00:53:04,630 --> 00:53:02,160 know let humans go further out into 1510 00:53:06,630 --> 00:53:04,640 space than ever before what do you think 1511 00:53:08,710 --> 00:53:06,640 in your own words will really be the 1512 00:53:11,030 --> 00:53:08,720 lasting legacy of the international 1513 00:53:12,870 --> 00:53:11,040 space station with all with all this 1514 00:53:15,349 --> 00:53:12,880 going on 1515 00:53:16,950 --> 00:53:15,359 what a great question to expound on but 1516 00:53:20,150 --> 00:53:16,960 but um 1517 00:53:22,630 --> 00:53:20,160 i think about that from say 1518 00:53:24,230 --> 00:53:22,640 a hundred years in the future when i'm 1519 00:53:27,030 --> 00:53:24,240 standing on the surface of mars looking 1520 00:53:29,430 --> 00:53:27,040 back at the planet what is the story 1521 00:53:32,549 --> 00:53:29,440 that that we will carry forward with us 1522 00:53:34,470 --> 00:53:32,559 and clearly to me if we do it right part 1523 00:53:36,790 --> 00:53:34,480 of the story will be that we solved some 1524 00:53:39,910 --> 00:53:36,800 of the intractable challenges associated 1525 00:53:42,390 --> 00:53:39,920 with things like long duration exposure 1526 00:53:44,069 --> 00:53:42,400 to radiation long-duration exposure to 1527 00:53:45,990 --> 00:53:44,079 microgravity we'll we'll have used the 1528 00:53:47,349 --> 00:53:46,000 station to solve those challenges i will 1529 00:53:49,430 --> 00:53:47,359 know that 100 years from now i'll 1530 00:53:51,829 --> 00:53:49,440 actually remember like we remember 1531 00:53:53,990 --> 00:53:51,839 stories about i think the nina the pinta 1532 00:53:55,589 --> 00:53:54,000 and the santa maria those are apocryphal 1533 00:53:57,510 --> 00:53:55,599 stories but i think that's what we'll 1534 00:53:58,870 --> 00:53:57,520 remember about the state 1535 00:54:00,069 --> 00:53:58,880 juliet 1536 00:54:01,750 --> 00:54:00,079 you know 1537 00:54:03,589 --> 00:54:01,760 there are a couple of things i could 1538 00:54:06,069 --> 00:54:03,599 talk about in life and physical sciences 1539 00:54:07,270 --> 00:54:06,079 but i'm going to pass on those because 1540 00:54:09,109 --> 00:54:07,280 there's a few disciplines we really 1541 00:54:11,109 --> 00:54:09,119 haven't talked about yet so we've got 1542 00:54:13,589 --> 00:54:11,119 the alpha magnetic spectrometer that 1543 00:54:16,150 --> 00:54:13,599 could be making the first observations 1544 00:54:17,750 --> 00:54:16,160 of strangelets you know these sub these 1545 00:54:20,069 --> 00:54:17,760 uh particles that 1546 00:54:21,589 --> 00:54:20,079 you can make in a in an atom smasher but 1547 00:54:23,349 --> 00:54:21,599 you never see in nature and so if 1548 00:54:25,030 --> 00:54:23,359 there's any instrument that we'll ever 1549 00:54:26,230 --> 00:54:25,040 be able to see these it's the alpha 1550 00:54:28,150 --> 00:54:26,240 magnetic spectrometer and that's 1551 00:54:30,150 --> 00:54:28,160 collecting data constantly 1552 00:54:32,470 --> 00:54:30,160 also this year we have 1553 00:54:34,390 --> 00:54:32,480 our first of an ongoing suite of earth 1554 00:54:36,549 --> 00:54:34,400 science instruments going up that will 1555 00:54:38,470 --> 00:54:36,559 be making all kinds of new observations 1556 00:54:40,789 --> 00:54:38,480 about the earth so the first instrument 1557 00:54:43,030 --> 00:54:40,799 to ever make measurements of the actual 1558 00:54:44,870 --> 00:54:43,040 depth of clouds is called cats it's 1559 00:54:47,109 --> 00:54:44,880 demonstrating a brand new technology 1560 00:54:49,829 --> 00:54:47,119 it'll be going up onto the space station 1561 00:54:52,390 --> 00:54:49,839 later this year rapidscat which fills a 1562 00:54:54,309 --> 00:54:52,400 gap in hurricane modeling data because 1563 00:54:57,030 --> 00:54:54,319 other wind measurement devices aren't 1564 00:54:59,349 --> 00:54:57,040 operating around the world right now and 1565 00:55:01,190 --> 00:54:59,359 opals which was just unpacked on space 1566 00:55:03,430 --> 00:55:01,200 on the last spacex flight 1567 00:55:04,710 --> 00:55:03,440 will be testing laser com so there are 1568 00:55:06,309 --> 00:55:04,720 all of these other things going on 1569 00:55:07,349 --> 00:55:06,319 outside the space station that actually 1570 00:55:09,109 --> 00:55:07,359 don't have anything to do with 1571 00:55:11,430 --> 00:55:09,119 microgravity and 1572 00:55:13,349 --> 00:55:11,440 it's amazing to realize what this 1573 00:55:15,510 --> 00:55:13,359 laboratory does how many different 1574 00:55:17,190 --> 00:55:15,520 disciplines it addresses there's never 1575 00:55:19,109 --> 00:55:17,200 been anything like it and i think we'll 1576 00:55:20,710 --> 00:55:19,119 look back and and realize that having 1577 00:55:22,710 --> 00:55:20,720 that all in one place it's like a 1578 00:55:23,910 --> 00:55:22,720 university all together with all the 1579 00:55:27,349 --> 00:55:23,920 disciplines and i don't know that we'll 1580 00:55:32,150 --> 00:55:29,910 i think one of the most important 1581 00:55:34,069 --> 00:55:32,160 um objectives that i have from my 1582 00:55:37,190 --> 00:55:34,079 perspective 1583 00:55:40,069 --> 00:55:37,200 and my role working with nasa is to 1584 00:55:42,150 --> 00:55:40,079 ensure that we get as much high quality 1585 00:55:43,990 --> 00:55:42,160 science accomplished on the space 1586 00:55:46,309 --> 00:55:44,000 station while we have it that is 1587 00:55:47,750 --> 00:55:46,319 responsive to the decadal 1588 00:55:49,670 --> 00:55:47,760 open source science credits 1589 00:55:51,430 --> 00:55:49,680 crowdsourcing initiatives are a way to 1590 00:55:52,630 --> 00:55:51,440 um 1591 00:55:53,589 --> 00:55:52,640 amplify 1592 00:55:55,829 --> 00:55:53,599 um 1593 00:55:58,470 --> 00:55:55,839 and multiply the research throughput but 1594 00:56:00,230 --> 00:55:58,480 also creates a competition and brings in 1595 00:56:02,950 --> 00:56:00,240 innovation and we're truly going to have 1596 00:56:05,190 --> 00:56:02,960 to drive innovation if we're going to 1597 00:56:10,230 --> 00:56:05,200 develop the next generation biomedical 1598 00:56:13,349 --> 00:56:11,510 technologies that come out of the 1599 00:56:15,589 --> 00:56:13,359 physical sciences program that are going 1600 00:56:19,190 --> 00:56:15,599 to advance human exploration now we 1601 00:56:20,630 --> 00:56:19,200 don't have our gene lab initiative fully 1602 00:56:21,750 --> 00:56:20,640 online yet 1603 00:56:23,109 --> 00:56:21,760 but 1604 00:56:24,390 --> 00:56:23,119 if you look at the studies that were 1605 00:56:25,990 --> 00:56:24,400 selected by 1606 00:56:28,470 --> 00:56:26,000 the human research program and by the 1607 00:56:30,630 --> 00:56:28,480 nasa space biomedical research institute 1608 00:56:32,870 --> 00:56:30,640 in support of the twin studies 1609 00:56:35,190 --> 00:56:32,880 loosely that that's been 1610 00:56:37,109 --> 00:56:35,200 integrated those pis those 11 projects 1611 00:56:39,190 --> 00:56:37,119 are integrated in a way that is 1612 00:56:41,270 --> 00:56:39,200 operating based in a way that's 1613 00:56:42,950 --> 00:56:41,280 analogous with the gene lab model so i 1614 00:56:44,950 --> 00:56:42,960 think that potentially the gene the twin 1615 00:56:47,589 --> 00:56:44,960 study having genetically similar 1616 00:56:49,270 --> 00:56:47,599 individuals and all the the data that 1617 00:56:50,870 --> 00:56:49,280 we're going to be able to collect using 1618 00:56:53,270 --> 00:56:50,880 advanced omics technologies that 1619 00:56:55,430 --> 00:56:53,280 database on its own may be one of the 1620 00:56:57,510 --> 00:56:55,440 most important biomedical 1621 00:56:59,510 --> 00:56:57,520 projects ever accomplished on the iss 1622 00:57:02,309 --> 00:56:59,520 and it will yield data and 1623 00:57:06,309 --> 00:57:02,319 the data that will be rich and useful 1624 00:57:08,309 --> 00:57:06,319 for years potentially decades to come 1625 00:57:10,789 --> 00:57:08,319 yeah i i really see 1626 00:57:12,710 --> 00:57:10,799 as magnificent of an endeavor and a 1627 00:57:13,510 --> 00:57:12,720 technological advancement that the iss 1628 00:57:15,270 --> 00:57:13,520 is 1629 00:57:17,349 --> 00:57:15,280 and and the wonderful returns that we're 1630 00:57:19,030 --> 00:57:17,359 already getting thus far and we have at 1631 00:57:21,109 --> 00:57:19,040 least 10 more years 1632 00:57:22,470 --> 00:57:21,119 to continue to discover 1633 00:57:24,309 --> 00:57:22,480 in my opinion 1634 00:57:26,630 --> 00:57:24,319 the iss will represent the beginning of 1635 00:57:29,750 --> 00:57:26,640 a pioneering effort in low earth orbit 1636 00:57:31,430 --> 00:57:29,760 and it will be the first of its kind and 1637 00:57:33,270 --> 00:57:31,440 hopefully set the stake in the ground if 1638 00:57:36,150 --> 00:57:33,280 you will for what we will continue to 1639 00:57:37,190 --> 00:57:36,160 enjoy years out into the future as betsy 1640 00:57:39,270 --> 00:57:37,200 stated 1641 00:57:41,030 --> 00:57:39,280 okay and i'm hearing we have one 1642 00:57:42,549 --> 00:57:41,040 question on the phone bridge real quick 1643 00:57:43,829 --> 00:57:42,559 so i think it's from university are you 1644 00:57:45,430 --> 00:57:43,839 there 1645 00:57:47,670 --> 00:57:45,440 hello elizabeth howell here thank you 1646 00:57:49,829 --> 00:57:47,680 very much uh this probably is for julie 1647 00:57:51,750 --> 00:57:49,839 i was seeing on real nasa that you have 1648 00:57:53,670 --> 00:57:51,760 four shoes that are going to be 1649 00:57:55,589 --> 00:57:53,680 being used very soon on the station can 1650 00:57:56,549 --> 00:57:55,599 you talk about any other sort of newer 1651 00:57:59,430 --> 00:57:56,559 human 1652 00:58:01,910 --> 00:57:59,440 science experiments that are happening 1653 00:58:03,270 --> 00:58:01,920 oh four shoes at first on the bridge it 1654 00:58:05,910 --> 00:58:03,280 sounded like you said horseshoes and i 1655 00:58:07,750 --> 00:58:05,920 couldn't think of that one 1656 00:58:10,309 --> 00:58:07,760 yeah so you know early on the space 1657 00:58:12,549 --> 00:58:10,319 station we had some force measurement 1658 00:58:14,710 --> 00:58:12,559 data that was collected clear back in 1659 00:58:16,470 --> 00:58:14,720 the single digit expeditions and and 1660 00:58:18,710 --> 00:58:16,480 from that we found that we were not 1661 00:58:22,150 --> 00:58:18,720 loading crews anywhere close to 1g when 1662 00:58:24,309 --> 00:58:22,160 they were on the treadmills um and that 1663 00:58:26,630 --> 00:58:24,319 led us to have to design new harnesses 1664 00:58:28,789 --> 00:58:26,640 design new backpack systems to design 1665 00:58:30,950 --> 00:58:28,799 new bungee systems and we really went 1666 00:58:32,549 --> 00:58:30,960 through a full stage of exercise 1667 00:58:34,230 --> 00:58:32,559 equipment development because the first 1668 00:58:35,910 --> 00:58:34,240 exercise equipment we flew on the space 1669 00:58:38,150 --> 00:58:35,920 station didn't work it was not 1670 00:58:40,390 --> 00:58:38,160 protecting bone the way it needed to do 1671 00:58:43,349 --> 00:58:40,400 so now on the space station we have that 1672 00:58:44,870 --> 00:58:43,359 next generation of hardware but the 1673 00:58:46,789 --> 00:58:44,880 force measurement that we had hoped to 1674 00:58:48,630 --> 00:58:46,799 get that was built into the hardware 1675 00:58:50,470 --> 00:58:48,640 didn't wind up working and so by taking 1676 00:58:52,789 --> 00:58:50,480 these four shoes onto iss we'll be able 1677 00:58:54,789 --> 00:58:52,799 to actually measure the forces and see 1678 00:58:56,470 --> 00:58:54,799 what loading we're getting that's really 1679 00:58:58,230 --> 00:58:56,480 hard to predict uh when you've got 1680 00:59:00,470 --> 00:58:58,240 somebody doing something as complicated 1681 00:59:03,910 --> 00:59:00,480 as running on a treadmill or doing squat 1682 00:59:05,349 --> 00:59:03,920 thrusts on our resistive exercise device 1683 00:59:08,710 --> 00:59:05,359 so by putting all of those things 1684 00:59:11,109 --> 00:59:08,720 together um we're really making progress 1685 00:59:12,950 --> 00:59:11,119 on the bone loss problem we we're now 1686 00:59:14,789 --> 00:59:12,960 finding the right combination of diet 1687 00:59:16,630 --> 00:59:14,799 and exercise to say protect bone mass 1688 00:59:18,390 --> 00:59:16,640 density that was published 1689 00:59:20,309 --> 00:59:18,400 in late 2011 in the journal of bone and 1690 00:59:21,910 --> 00:59:20,319 mineral research now we've got to focus 1691 00:59:23,750 --> 00:59:21,920 on the structure of the bone and be sure 1692 00:59:26,470 --> 00:59:23,760 that the bone that astronauts are 1693 00:59:28,630 --> 00:59:26,480 retaining or or rebuilding is still as 1694 00:59:30,549 --> 00:59:28,640 strong as as bone would be on earth and 1695 00:59:32,309 --> 00:59:30,559 so you can see how then all of those 1696 00:59:34,789 --> 00:59:32,319 that data the force data and so forth 1697 00:59:36,309 --> 00:59:34,799 both helps us know what kind of exercise 1698 00:59:38,470 --> 00:59:36,319 equipment to take to mars because it's 1699 00:59:39,750 --> 00:59:38,480 got to be compact but also then how to 1700 00:59:41,670 --> 00:59:39,760 take the things that we're learning 1701 00:59:44,390 --> 00:59:41,680 about rebuilding astronaut bones bring 1702 00:59:45,750 --> 00:59:44,400 that back down here to earth and help 1703 00:59:47,589 --> 00:59:45,760 people who are struggling with bone loss 1704 00:59:49,349 --> 00:59:47,599 themselves here 1705 00:59:51,190 --> 00:59:49,359 okay well i think that's going to do it 1706 00:59:53,910 --> 00:59:51,200 for us today this was again the first 1707 00:59:55,510 --> 00:59:53,920 destination station iss form i'd like to 1708 00:59:58,069 --> 00:59:55,520 again thank our panelists here for 1709 00:59:59,750 --> 00:59:58,079 joining us give us some great insight 1710 01:00:01,990 --> 00:59:59,760 the signs of today and the signs going 1711 01:00:03,829 --> 01:00:02,000 to be coming online tomorrow again for 1712 01:00:05,030 --> 01:00:03,839 all of our guests here in studio b 1713 01:00:07,109 --> 01:00:05,040 really appreciate your time and 1714 01:00:09,510 --> 01:00:07,119 questions uh as always you can always 1715 01:00:12,549 --> 01:00:09,520 find out more about station and station 1716 01:00:14,710 --> 01:00:12,559 science by going to nasa.gov station and 1717 01:00:17,109 --> 01:00:14,720 following us online on our multiple 1718 01:00:18,630 --> 01:00:17,119 social media outlets again thank you 1719 01:00:20,309 --> 01:00:18,640 again for everybody here in the room